Igitabu ca Lithium ni iki?

Lithium ishobora gusubirwamwo yerekeza ku mabateri akoresha ubuhinga bwa litiyumu- ubuhinga bwo kubika no kurekura inguvu z’umuyagankuba biciye mu nzira zisubiramwo n’ugusohoka. Izo batteri zigenda zigenda zigenda hagati y’ibintu bibiri vy’ubuhinga bwa electrode - mu buryo bw’ukuri igicapo c’ibara ry’umubiri n’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma- kubikuramwo amajana n’ibihumbi.

Ijambo "bateri ya litiyumu" mu vy'ukuri irimwo ivyiciro bibiri bitandukanye bifise ubushobozi butandukanye cane. Bateri y’intango ni imwe- Ukoresha amasoko y’amashanyarazi yagenewe ibikoresho bisaba igihe kirekire- ijambo ry’igihe kirekire, isohoka ry’amashanyarazi ridahinduka. Uzosanga ivyo mu bikoresho vyo kumenya umwotsi, ibikoresho vyo gutera umutima, n’ibindi bikoresho vyo gukoresha kure. Bamaze gutsindwa, bategerezwa guta no gusubirizwa.

Amabateri ya litiyumu ashobora kwemezwa, yitwa litiyumu - canke Li- ateri, igereranya ubuhinga butandukanye rwose. Itandukaniro ry’ingenzi riri mu gusubira inyuma kw’ivyo bavyifatamwo mu bijanye n’imiti. Iyo ushizeko telefone yawe canke laptop yawe kugira ngo uyishireko, ions litiyumu yimukira kuva ku katode igasubira ku anode, ukabika inguvu kugira ngo uyikoreshe mu nyuma. Iryo barabo ry’inzira zibiri ritandukanya ubuhinga bwa litiyumu bushobora gusubirwamwo n’ibindi bishobora gukoreshwa.

Si ibikoresho vyose bikoresha ubushobozi bwa litiyumu bishobora kwemera amabateri ashobora gusubirwamwo. Ibirango vy’umuriro biratandukanye hagati y’ubwoko bubiri - Utugingo ngengabuzima twa litiyumu mu bisanzwe dutanga 3.0V, mu gihe utugingo ngengabuzima twa litiyumu dushobora gusubirwamwo - utugingo ngengabuzima dutanga 3.6-3.7V. Iryo tandukaniro ry’umuriro bisigura ko udashobora gusa guhindura ubwoko bumwe kugira ngo ugere ku yindi utasuzumye ubushobozi bw’igikoresho.

Lithium Rechargeable

Inside every rechargeable lithium battery sits a carefully engineered system of four essential components working in concert. Ico gikoresho citwa anode, akenshi kikaba cubatswe na graphite, gikora nk’umuyagankuba. Igikoko c’i cathode - Ibara ryiza {{3}== umuyagankuba nk’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma (LCO), phosphate y’ivyuma (LFP), canke oxide ya litiyumu nickel (NMC). Hagati y’izo electrodes zitemba amazi arimwo umunyu wa litiyumu, kandi igikoresho co gutandukanya amazi kirabuza gukorana hagati y’ico gikoresho citwa anode na cathode mu gihe kireka iyon.

Mu gihe c’ugusohoka, iyoni ya litiyumu iva kuri anode maze ikaja mu nzira y’umuyagankuba ija ku nzira y’amazi. Ico gihe nyene, ama elegitoroni agendagenda mu nzira y’igikoresho cawe, agatanga ubushobozi bw’umuyagankuba ukeneye. Ivyo bikoresho bitandukanya electrons kugira ngo ufate inzira ndende mu gikoresho cawe aho guhingura umurongo mugufi w’akaga.

Gusubira guhishura ivyo vyose. Iyo uhuza igikoresho co gucapura, umuyagankuba usunikira ions za litiyumu kuva ku nzira y’umuyagankuba igasubira ku anode. Iyonions mu vy’ukuri irasubira mu bibanza vyayo vyo gutangura, yiteguriye urugendo rukurikira rwo gusohoka. Ivyo bishobora gusubirwamwo- Ijambo ry'ubuhinga ryishiramwo hagati y'ibice vy'amashanyarazi- bishobora gusubirwamwo bisobanura ayo mabateri.

Uburyo bwo gucunga ububiko bw’amazi (BMS) bukora nk’ubwonko bwa bateri muri iyo nzira. Ico gice c’ubuhinga bwa none gikomeza gukurikirana umuriro w’ingingo, ubushuhe be n’ingene umuriro ugenda. Birinda guca hejuru cane mu guca mu nzira y’ugushaja igihe utugingo ngengabuzima tugera kuri 4.2V (umurongo w’agaciro kanini ku bijanye n’ubuhinga bwa litiyumu - ubuhinga bwa shimi). Irinda kandi kurenga - gukuraho, ishobora kwonona burundu bateri mu gutuma umuringa usenyuka ku bakoranya ubu.

Ikoranabuhanga ry’ubuhinga bwa litiyumu ry’ubuhinga bwa litiyumu si iry’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga.

Oxide ya Lithium (LCO)amabateri yari afise ubuhinga bwo gukoresha ubuhinga bwa none kandi aracariko arakoresha amatelefone menshi n’ama laptops. Batanga uburemere bw’inguvu zishika kuri 200-260 Wh/kg, bikaba bituma ari vyiza cane ku bikorwa-bituma umuntu agira uburemere. Ariko rero, ni bike cane kuruta ibindi kandi mu bisanzwe bitanga inzira 500-1000 z’amahera.

Ifoto y'i Iron (LFP)amabateri aratanga inguvu zimwe zimwe (100-180 Wh/kg) kugira ngo agire umutekano udasanzwe n’ubuzima buramba. Igishushanyo cavyo c’amabuye y’agaciro gihagaze kirarwanya ubushuhe, kandi busanzwe bushika ku nzinguzingu 2000-5000 imbere y’uko zisenyuka ku 80%. Ibinyabiziga vy’amashanyarazi n’ububiko bw’inguvu zihagaze burarushiriza gukunda iyo nzira y’ubuhinga naho nyene umuriro wayo wo hasi (3.2V izina n’i 3.7V ku LCO).

Umunyabwenge w'i Lithium (LiPo)bateri zikoresha gel{0}} imeze nk'iyitwa polymere y'ivyuma aho gukoresha amazi. Ivyo bituma umuntu ashobora guhindura ibintu bishobora guhinduka mu bipfukisho bitobito bihuye n’imiterere y’ibikoresho. Uzobisanga mu matelefone ngendanwa y’agaciro, amatablette, n’ibinyabiziga vy’iradiyo - bigenzuwe aho uburemere buhambaye cane. Mu bisanzwe, itanga inzira 1000-2000.

Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC)amabateri anganye uburemere bw’inguvu (150-220 Wh/kg), ubushobozi bw’inguvu, n’ubuzima (1000{4}}2000). Ivyo bishobora gutuma bikundwa cane mu modoka zikoresha umuyagankuba, aho abahinguzi bashobora gutunganya igipimo c’ivyuma-manganes-cobanes kugira ngo bashire imbere ubushobozi bw’inguvu canke ubushobozi bushingiye ku bisabwa n’ivyo guhingura imodoka.

Gutahura ico kigena ubuzima bw’amabateri ya litiyumu bushobora gusubirwamwo bisaba kuraba kure y’imibare yoroshe y’ingendo ku buryo amabateri akoreshwa mu vy’ukuri.

Ibarabara ry’amahera rishika iyo ukoresheje 100% vy’ubushobozi bwa bateri, naho nyene atari ngombwa ko mu gihe kimwe gikomeza gusohoka. Ukoresheje 50% umusi umwe na 50% y’ibiharuro bikurikira nk’ingendo imwe yuzuye. High- uburyo bw’ingingo z’umubiri z’umubiri - ubwoko busa n’amabateri ya AA ariko nini cane - ishobora gutanga 3000-5000 imbere y’uko ubushobozi bugabanuka ku 80% vy’umwimerere. Utugingo ngengabuzima (flat, umurongo w’inzira) mu bisanzwe ducungera inzinguzingu 1000-2000, mu gihe amabateri ya litiyumu nk’iy’umufuko akenshi agwa mugufi.

Ivyo biharuro bifata imigenzo myiza yo gushaja. Gutembagaza igice c’inzira{1}== ugutera imbere imbere y’uko bigabanywa. Amabateri ya lithium yo muri iki gihe ntababazwa n'"ingaruka y'icibutso" yateye amabateri ya kera{4}}cadmium, kugira ngo ushobore gusubira gucuruza ku ntumbero iyo ari yo yose ata gihano c'ibikorwa.

Ubushuhe buragira ico bukoze cane ku bijanye n’ibikorwa vy’ubu nyene be n’ubuzima bw’igihe kirekire. Gukoresha ku 40 degre 40 (104℃F) aho kugera ku 20 degre 20 (68℃F) birashobora kugabanya ubuzima bwose n’ibice 40%. Ubushuhe bukonje ntibutera ingorane zihoraho ariko bugabanya ubushobozi bwo gukoresha -a bateri itanga ububasha bwose ku 20 degre 20 ishobora gutanga 70% gusa ku rugero rwa -10℃(14℃F).

Ivy’ububiko na vyo nyene birahambaye. Bateri y’uburemere bwose yabitswe mu myaka y’ubushuhe bwinshi cane. Ku bijanye n’ububiko bw’igihe kirekire bw’igihe, abahinguzi barasaba ko bokwica ku 40-50% kandi bakagumiza amabateri mu bidukikije bikonje. Bateri yabitswe ku 25 degre 25 (77℃F) ku 40% ishobora kuguma ifise ubushobozi 96% inyuma y’umwaka, mu gihe imwe yabitswe neza ku 40 degre 40 (104℃F) yoshobora gutakaza 35% muri ico kiringo nyene.

Amabateri ya litiyumu ashobora kwemezwa arakoresha ubuhinga budasanzwe bw’ubuhinga bwa none, igikorwa cose gikoresha ibiranga ubuhinga.

Abaguzi-Impwemu, ama laptops, tablette, n’amatwi atagira amashanyarazi yose bivana n’inguvu nyinshi z’inguvu z’ubuhinga bwa litiyumu zitanga. Bateri y’ubuhinga bwa none y’ubuhinga bwa none ipakira 10-15 Wh mu kibanza gitoyi kuruta ikarita y’inguzanyo, ikintu kidashoboka iyo hariho amabateri ya kera. Ivyo bikoresho bikoresha ubuhinga bwa LCO canke NMC kugira ngo bibe vyinshi mu kibanza gitoyi.

Ivyimburwa vy'amashanyarazi-Ivyigwa vy’imodoka vyakiriye amabateri ya litiyumu, n’ivyo bateri y’isi yose y’i EV irengeye 1 terawatt - zure buri mwaka kuva mu mwaka w’2024. Ivyimburwa vyinshi bikoresha NMC canke LFP. NMC itanga inguvu nyinshi cane ku rugero rurerure, mu gihe LFP itanga uruhande rwiza rw’umutekano n’ubuzima burebure bw’ikirangamisi. Ivyuma vy’amashanyarazi vy’imiduga y’amashanyarazi birimwo utugingo ngengabuzima ibihumbi n’ibihumbi dukorana kugira ngo ubike inguvu 50-100 kWh.

Ibikoresho vy'ububasha- Imyimenyerezo itagira Cord, amapantalo, n’ibindi bikoresho vy’amashanyarazi vyahindutse bivuye kuri nickel-cadmium ku buhinga bwa litiyumu mu myaka 15 iheze. Igikoresho co hejuru (18V canke 20V systems vs{{6}ba ku NiCd) n'uburemere bw'ubushobozi bushoboza ubuhinga bw'umwuga. Ivyo bikoresho vy’imihangayiko bifise amashanyarazi menshi, rero abahinguzi bakoresha NMC canke - gutanga ubuhinga bwa LFP.

Uburyo bwo kubika inguvu- Ivyuma vy'ugushiraho n'uruzitiro- ragrateur birushiriza kwizigira ku mabati ya litiyumu kugira ngo iboneke neza ubushobozi bw'inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo. Uburyo bwo kubamwo bukoresha ubuhinga bwa LFP, bushira imbere umutekano n’ubuzima buramba ku buremere bw’inguvu nyinshi. Kuva mu mwaka w’2023, amabateri ya litiyumu- ari yo yari irenze 80% y’ivyo 190+ gigawatt - niho ububiko bwa bateri bukoreshwa kw’isi yose.

Ivyagezwe vy'ubuvuzi- ibikoresho bishobora gutera nk’ibikoresho vy’amaguru n’amapompo y’insuline bisaba amabateri yizigirwa kandi maremare. Bamwe bakoresha utugingo ngengabuzima twa mbere twagereranywa n’imyaka ya 10+ imyaka, mu gihe ibikoresho vyo hanze bishobora gusubira gukoresha litiyumu bishobora gusubirwamwo kugira ngo umurwayi abeho be n’inyungu z’ibidukikije.

Lithium Rechargeable

Gucungera neza amabateri ya litiyumu ashobora gusubirwamwo bisaba gutahura ubushobozi bwavyo bwihariye n’ibisabwa n’amashanyarazi, ivyo bikaba bitandukanye cane n’ibindi bikoresho vy’amabateri.

Igiharuro c'ubuhinga bwa litiyumu - isaba gushaja kuri 4.2V ku nsoro n'igenzura ry'umuriro. Uburyo busanzwe bwo gushaja bukurikira uburyo bubiri - uburyo bwo gushiramwo: buhoraho - Ubu (CC) bushikana umuriro udahinduka gushika utugingo ngengabuzima tushitse kuri 4.2V, hanyuma uhoraho {{6}voltage (CV) bukaba bugumaho ubwo umuriro mu gihe umuyagankuba ugenda ugabanuka buhoro buhoro. Gutera ibipfunsi igihe ubu bigabanutse gushika ku bice 3-5% vy’ubushobozi bwa bateri.

Ntushobora gukoresha ibikoresho vy’amabati vyagenewe ibindi bikoresho vy’amabateri. Abarongozi- ibikoresho vy’ugucagura bikoresha ivyuma vy’umuriro vyinshi vyoshobora gusenya amabateri ya litiyumu. Na vyo nyene, nickel-cadmium canke nickel{4}} Ivyuma vy’amazi bikoresha imiterere y’umuriro bidahuye n’ubuhinga bwa litiyumu. Imisi yose ukoreshe igikoresho co gucapura cagenewe cane cane amabateri ya litiyumu - ni imwe ihuye n’ubuhinga bwa shimi bwa bateri yawe.

Ubushobozi bwo gushaja mu buryo burambuye bwarateye imbere cane. Naho amabateri ya litiyumu ya kera yasaba 3{8}} amasaha 4 kugira ngo ashobore gushaja, ingingo z’ubuhinga bwa none zifise imiterere y’amashanyarazi ishobora kwemera ibiharuro vy’amashanyarazi bishika kuri 1C (incuro imwe y’ubushobozi kw’isaha) canke hejuru. Amabateri amwe amwe y’ibinyabiziga akoresha umuyagankuba ubu arashigikira 350kW DC gutera imbere, yongerako 100+ ibilometero mu minota 10. Ariko rero, gushaza kenshi gushaja biratera imbere cane ugereranije n’ugushaja buhoro buhoro, bikaba bituma biba ikintu ciza cane.

BMS irafise uruhara runini mu gihe co gushaja mu kugenzura amashanyarazi y’umuntu ku giti ciwe mu bice vyinshi{0}} utugingo ngengabuzima. Kubera ko uguhinduka kw’ibikorwa bisigura ko utugingo ngengabuzima tutigera twigenza mu buryo bumwe, BMS iratuma utugingo ngengabuzima twose dusaba kimwe biciye mu nzira yitwa uguhuza utugingo ngengabuzima. Ivyo bibuza ingingo ngenderwako imwe imwe ngo ntiyigere irengeje urugero canke ikarenga - yokwirukanwa, ivyo bikaba vyogabanya ubushobozi bwo gupakira kandi bikaba bishobora gutuma haba ibibazo vy’umutekano.

Naho amabateri ya litiyumu ashobora gusubirwamwo muri rusangi ari mu mutekano iyo akozwe neza kandi akoreshwa, inguvu zavyo nyinshi z’inguvu nyinshi bisigura ko ukunanirwa gushobora kuba gukomeye.

Igihuhusi c’ubushuhe kigereranya ikibazo nyamukuru c’umutekano. Iyo ubushuhe bwo mu mutima buduze hejuru nka 80-℃kubera imirongo ngufi yo mu mutima, utunenge two gukora, canke ivyago vyo hanze, ukwifata kw’umuntu ku buryo bwo kwigira. Ubushuhe butera ubumara bw’umuyagankuba, bigatuma haba ubushuhe n’umuriro, bikaba bishobora gutuma umuriro canke umeka. Bateri zo muri iki gihe zirimwo ibintu vyinshi vy’umutekano- ibikoresho vyo gutabara impwemu, ibipimo vy’ubushuhe, n’uburinzi bwa BMS buhanitse-kugira ngo ivyo bimenyekane.

Ivyonona litiyumu vy’umubiri bitera ingorane zikomeye. Gushitsa akazu bishobora gutuma haba uruzitiro rugufi rwo mu mutima n’uguhunga kw’ubushuhe ubwo nyene. Utugingo ngengabuzima tw’umufuko tw’amazi twononeka canke gupfukama, ivyo bikaba bishobora gutuma umuntu ashobora gukorana n’umuyagankuba. Ntukigere ukoresha amabateri yononekaye neza, kandi akayakuramwo neza mu bibanza vyashinzwe gusubira gukoresha ibintu bishaje.

Kurenga no kurenga - gukuraho amabateri yompi no kurema ingorane. Gutera hejuru ya 4.2V (canke 4.35V ku bikoresho bimwebimwe bishasha) birashobora gutuma ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa electrode bihungabana kandi bikazana litiyumu ku gitereko c’amazi, bikaba bituma haba ibihimba vy’umubiri bishobora gutobora iyo nzira. Kwirukana munsi ya 2.5V ku ntungamubiri birashobora gusenyura umuringa ku bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none, bikaba bigabanya ubushobozi bwo gukora no gutuma haba ingorane ngufi z’imbere.

Amabateri y’ububiko mu bibanza bikonje kandi vyumye kure y’ibikoresho bishobora kwaka. Ntukigere ubishira ku bushuhe birenze degre 60 (140℃F), kandi wirinde gusiga amabateri mu modoka zishushe mu ci. Ku bijanye n’ugutwara abantu, amabwirizwa ashira mu migwi litiyumu - ari ibintu biteye akaga bisaba gupfunyika no gushiramwo ikimenyetso ku bijanye n’ugurungikwa mu kirere hejuru y’imirongo y’ubushobozi.

Oya, ukeneye igikoresho co gucapura cagenewe cane cane litiyumu - iyo muganga. Ivyo bikoresho bigenzura neza umuriro gushika kuri 4.2V ku nkingi maze bikahinduka kuva ku nzira y’umuriro gushika ku nzira y’umuriro idahinduka. Ukoresheje amabateri y’amabuye y’agaciro ({4}}bateri canke nickel - ishingiye ku nzira izokwonona amabateri ya litiyumu kandi ishobora gutuma haba ingorane z’umutekano.

Uburyo bwa litiyumu - ni mu bisanzwe butanga inzira 1000-5000 z’ugucagura bivanye n’ingene ubuhinga bwa shimi n’ingene bukoreshwa. Mu majambo y’ikirangamisi, mwitege mu myaka 3-10 y’ubuzima bw’ibikorwa. LiFePO4 chemistry itanga ubuzima buramba kuruta 3000-5000, mu gihe oxide y’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ubuhinga bwa none imbere y’uko ubushobozi buhambaye butakaza.

Bateri zose za litiyumu zishikirwa n’ugukura kw’ikirangamisi kubera ko imiti y’imiti idakenewe ibaho mbere n’igihe umuntu aruhutse. Gukingira amabateri ku bushuhe bwinshi canke charge y’umuriro wose birahutira ivyo bitembagazwa. Kugira ngo ubone ibisubizo vyiza mu gihe co kubika, ushireko 40-50% kandi ubigume mu bidukikije bikonje. Bateri ibitswe neza irashobora kuguma ifise ubushobozi burenga 95% inyuma y’umwaka.

Iryo tandukaniro riratera urujijo abantu benshi.Ni igiki ari bateri ya litiyumuakenshi yerekeza ku ngirabuzimafatizo z'intango (kutarimwo- hakoreshejwe litiyumu y'icuma. Amabateri ya Lithium - ni yo ishobora gusubirwamwo kandi ntiyirimwo litiyumu y’icuma- litiyumu mu buryo bw’iyon zibitswe mu bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa electrode. Ubwoko bubiri ntibushobora guhindurwa kubera amashanyarazi atandukanye n’ubuhinga bwo mu mutima.

Lithium Rechargeable

Ikoranabuhanga ry’amabateri ya litiyumu ry’agaciro rirabandanya vuba cane. Ubushakashatsi ku bikoresho bikomeye vy’ubuhinga bwa electrolytes bisezerana uburemere bwinshi bw’inguvu n’umutekano mwiza mu gukuraho ama electrolytes y’amazi ashobora kwaka. Ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma bishobora kwongereza ubushobozi n’ibice 30{5}}40% kuruta graphite ya kera. Ubuhinga bwa shimi bwa Lithium-sulfur bwoshobora guheza bugatanga uburemere bw’inguvu burengeye 500 Wh/kg, hafi y’ubuhinga bwa none.

Izo bateri zahinduye cane ingene tubika no gukoresha inguvu z’umuyagankuba. Kuva ku mufuko- amatelefone gushika ku nzira- igipimo, ubuhinga bwa litiyumu bushobora gusubirwamwo buratuma ubuzima bugezweho bukoresha ubuhinga bwa none kandi bushobora gusubirwamwo{3}} uburyo bwo gukoresha. Iryo koraniro ry’inguvu nyinshi, igiciro gibereye, n’ugusubiramwo kwatumye riba umuti w’inguvu uhambaye mu bikorwa bitagira uko bingana. Uko iminzane y’uguhingura iguma yiyongera kandi rikaza ry’ubuhinga bushasha, amabateri ya litiyumu ashobora gusubirwamwo azoshobora guha ubushobozi ibikoresho vyacu n’ibinyabiziga mu myaka mirongo izoza.