Ni ibiki Biteye ubwoba ni ibiki?

Ivyo bikoresho vy’amazi ni carbone- hashobora gusenya canke gusenya ibindi bintu ataco bihindura mu buryo bw’imiti. Ivyo bihimba birimwo atome za carbone zifatanya n’ibindi bintu nk’ivyo bita hydrogène, oxygène, canke hahalogène, bikabitandukanya n’ibintu bitagira ubuzima nk’amazi. Hariho ibintu vyinshi bitandukanye vy’ibinyabuzima bitandukanye mu miryango itandukanye y’imiti, imwe yose ikaba ikora ibikorwa vy’inganda n’ivy’ubudandaji bishingiye ku miterere yavyo y’ibihimba vy’umubiri be n’imiterere yavyo.

Ivyo bimenyetso vy’ibinyabuzima biri mu nyubakwa zavyo z’ibihimba vy’umubiri. Ibintu vyose biva mu bimera birimwo carbone-barto canke carbone- imigenderanire y’amazi nk’umugongo wavyo. Iyi carbone - ishingiye ku bushobozi bwo gusesa, cane cane ku bintu bitarimwo - polar kandi bifise intege nke amazi adashobora gusenyura neza.

Ivyo bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none vyerekana ibintu vyinshi bihurikiyeko bituma bifise agaciro mu vy’inganda. Ivyinshi ni amazi ahinduka mu bushuhe bwo mu cumba, bisobanura ko ahinduka umwuka bitagoranye. Ivyiyumviro vyabo vy’uguteka biva ku 100℃gushika ku 250℃, n’ibintu bitoya bifatanye bihuye n’uguhinduka kwinshi. Igiharuro c’umuyagankuba kidahinduka - ingero y’ubushobozi bw’ikintu co kugabanya inguvu hagati y’ibice vy’umubiri bifise ubushobozi.

Ubushobozi bugereranya uwundi mutungo uhambaye. Ivyo bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none vyemerera ama-ons n’ibihimba vy’umubiri bishobora guca mu nzira y’umuti, ivyo bikaba biba ngombwa cane mu bikorwa nk’ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma aho ubushobozi bwo gutwara ions bugena ubushobozi. Ugukorana hagati y’ibintu bihoraho n’uburemere bw’ibintu akenshi bisaba guvanga ibikoresho bifise imiterere y’inyongera kugira ngo umuntu ashike ku ngaruka nziza.

Ivyo bihimba vy’umubiri vyitwa Hydrocarbon bigizwe n’ibihimba vy’umubiri vy’ivyuma vy’umuyagankuba n’ivy’iyi hydrogène gusa. Ivyo bikoresho bitagira ubumara ku mavuta, ibinure, ibinure, n’ibinure.

Ivyuma vy'amaziyerekana iminyororo igororotse canke ishaje idafise impeta z’akamoto. Ingero zisanzwe zirimwo hexane, heptane, na peteroli. Ivyo bikoresho bifise ubushobozi buke cane, uguhinduka kwinshi, kandi birashikamye mu buryo buhamye ariko bishobora gukayangana cane. Inganda ziyikoresha mu gukura amavuta, guhingura imiti, gutegura ibara ry’irangi, n’uguhingura.

Ivyuma vy'amaziibirimwo ibizingiti vya benzene mu mibumbe yavyo, bikabaha imiterere idasanzwe. Benzene, toluene, na xylene ni vyo bigereranya ibintu bimenyerewe cane. Ivyo bihimba bifise uburemere buringaniye, ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’ibintu vyinshi kuruta utugingo ngengabuzima tw’amazi, n’ibimota neza. Ivyo bikoresho vyavyo bikoreshwa mu gukoresha ivyuma bikoreshwa mu gutera amarangi, mu gufatanya, mu gucapura irangi, no mu bikorwa vy’ugusesagura. Ariko rero, hydrocans nyinshi z’akamoto zitwara ingorane zikomeye z’amagara-benzene ni umugera uzwi cane, bikaba bituma imipaka y’ugushirwa ahabona itunganijwe neza.

Ivyo bikoresho bifise umwuka mwiza birimwo atome z’umwuka mu mibumbe yazo y’ibihimba vy’umubiri, bikaba bituma habaho ibiranga polar bishobora kwagura ubushobozi bwavyo bwo gusesa.

Inzogabirimwo imigwi y’amazi ({0}OH) ifatanye n’iminyororo y’umuyagankuba. Methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, na tanol zikoreshwa cane mu nganda. Inzoga zishobora gusenyura ibintu vyo mu mazi n’ibintu bimwebimwe bitari - porlande, bikaba bituma biba ibinure vyinshi. Ethanol ikora nk’ikintu nyamukuru co mu vy’imiti, ivy’isuku, imibavu n’ivy’isuku. Ivyo gukoresha mu nganda birimwo gukoresha nk’igikoresho co gusukura no mu gukora imiti.

Ketonin'umugwi wa carbonyl (C{0}}O) ufatanye n'atome zibiri za carbone. Acetone na methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) ni bo barongoye iki kiciro. Ketoni ni polar cane, irafise ubushobozi bwiza cane, kandi irahinduka umwuka ningoga. Acetone iboneka mu bikoresho vyo gusukura imisumari, irangi ry’agaciro, kandi nk’ikintu co gusukura mu guhingura ibintu vy’ubuhinga bwa none. Mu ma laboratwari, ketones zikora nk’ibintu bikunze gukoreshwa.

Estern’ingene umuntu yifata biciye mu nyishu hagati y’aside n’inzoga. Ethyl acetate na methyl acetate ni vyo bikoreshwa cane. Ivyo bimota birafise iminuko myiza y’ivyamwa, ubukene bwiza bw’amarezi n’ama polymere, n’uburemere buringaniye. Inganda y’impuzu zikoresha cane amarangi mu mabara n’ama varnishes. Inganda z’ibifungurwa zikoresha ibifungurwa bimwebimwe nk’ibikoresho vyo gutera akamoto. Ethyl acetate iboneka mu bikoresho vyo gusukura imisumari kandi nk’igikoresho co gusukura umurongo w’ibarabara.

Emwebirimwo atome y’umwuka w’ikirere ifatanye n’iminyororo ibiri y’umuyagankuba. Diethyl ether na tetrahydrofuran (THF) bigereranya ethers zihambaye mu laboratwari no mu nganda. Ethers mu bisanzwe zifise ubudasa buke n’uguhinduka kw’ibintu vyinshi. Naho other other yahora ari ikintu gisanzwe gitera ububabare, ubushobozi bwayo bwo gushuha cane bwaragabanutse. THF iguma izwi cane mu guhingura polymere kandi nk’ikintu co gukora mu laboratwari.

Ivyo bihimba vy’umubiri bifise ubushobozi bwo gukora neza (chlorine, fluorine, bromine, canke iodine) mu mibumbe yavyo. Ivyo bikoresho bifise ububasha budasanzwe bwo gusenya ibikoresho birwanya ibindi bikoresho.

Ibintu vy'agaciroharimwo dichlorlometane (chloride ya methylene), chloroform, tetrachloride ya carbone, na trichloroethylene. Ivyo bihimba ntibishobora kwaka - akamaro k'umutekano gakomeye- Kandi bifise ubushobozi bwo gutanga amafaranga menshi. Ibikorwa vyo gukuraho ivyuma, gukuraho irangi, no gusukura imyuka yumye mu migenzo yizigiye cane ku bikoresho vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma. Ariko rero, ibintu vyinshi vy’ubuhinga bwa chlorinated biratera ubumara, bifise bimwe bishizwe mu migwi nk’ibitera kanseri canke ingorane zo kuvyara. Igitero ca Carbon tetrachloride na trichlorethylene kirashikirwa n’amategeko akomeye kubera ingorane z’ubuzima be n’ibibazo vy’ugutakaza ozone.

Ibintu vy'agacirobaravyitaho vuba cane, cane cane mu bikorwa vy’umwihariko. Ivyo bihimba bitanga ubumara buke kuruta uburyo bwo gukoresha chlorinated mu bihe vyinshi kandi vyerekana ko hariho ugushikama neza kw’imiti. Inganda y’amabateri yerekanye ko ikunda cane carbonates zifise fluorinates ku bikoresho vy’amabateri y’ivyuma vy’ibara ry’agahama kubera ukuntu bishobora gutuma umubiri ugira ubushobozi bwo gukora neza.

Ivyo bikoresho vy’imodoka bifise ikibanza kidasanzwe kubera uruhara rwavyo ruhambaye mu kubika inguvu zo muri iki gihe. Ivyo bihimba birimwo umugwi wa carbonate (−O−CO−O−) mu mibumbe yavyo.

Ivyo bihimba vy'umubirink’iyitwa ethylene carbonate (EC) n’ivyuma vy’ivyuma (PC) bifise umuyagankuba munini cane ariko kandi n’uburemere bwinshi. Ethylene carbonate, ikomeye mu bushuhe bwo mu cumba, irahinduka amazi iyo ivanze n’ibindi bikoresho. Ivyo bihimba bikora amafilime y’uburinzi ashikamye ku bibanza vy’ubuhinga bwa electrode.

Ivyanditswe vy'imirongonk’ivyo bita dimethyl carboate (DMC), carbonate y’ivyo kurya (DEC), n’iyitwa ethyl methyl carboate (EMC) ifise uburemere buke ariko kandi n’ibintu biguma bihoraho. Ihuriro ry’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma n’ivy’umurongo bituma habaho inyishu z’ivyuma bifise imiterere iringaniye.

GutahuraBateri ya litiyoubuhinga busaba kumenya igikorwa nyamukuru c’ibikoresho vy’ibinyabuzima biri muri ivyo bikoresho vyo kubika inguvu. Bateri za Lithium zihindura inguvu z’imiti mu nguvu z’umuyagankuba biciye mu nzira y’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma hagati y’ama electrode. Ivyo bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none ni vyo bituma haba umushinge w’umuyagankuba w’amazi ushoboza iyo nzira y’ugutwara iyon.

Mu bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa litiyumu, ibikoresho vy’ibinyabuzima bitegerezwa gushitsa ibisabwa vyinshi bisaba icarimwe. Bikeneye ivyuma vyinshi bihoraho kugira ngo umunyu wa litiyumu nk’umuti witwa litiyumu hexaoroophosphate (LiPF₆), yamara rero umugera wa tiscosie kugira ngo ushobore kwinyiganza vyihuta. Bitegerezwa kuguma bigumaho mu buryo bw’amashanyarazi mu nzira y’umuriro w’ibateri, bikananira gusenyuka kuri izo electrodes zompi, kandi bikora neza ku rugero rwagutse rw’ubushuhe.

Igikoresho gisanzwe c’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma gifise ivyuma bivanze. Igishushanyo rusangi gihuza ethylene carbonate n’ivyuma bita dimethyl carbonate canke carbonate y’ivyo kurya mu bipimo vyihariye. Ethylene carbonate idahinduka irasenyuka neza umunyu wa litiyumu kandi igakora igice c’umubiri gikomeye (SEI). Ico gice ca SEI kirabuza ibindi bihimba vy’umubiri bishobora gusenyuka mu gihe vyemeza guca mu ion. Ariko rero, EC ifise ubushobozi bwo gushonga cane (36℃) isaba guvanga n’ibikoresho vy’amazi nka DMC canke DEC.

Propylene carbonate mu ntango yabonetse ko ari nziza ariko ituma haba amabateri asanzwe ya litiyumu - ateri. Abashakashatsi babizigama kugira ngo baronke amabateri bakoresheje uburyo bundi bwo gukoresha anode. Ivyuma vy’imirongo nka DMC na DEC bigabanya uburemere bw’umuyagankuba, bikaba bituma habaho ubushobozi bwo gutwara ivyuma n’ubushobozi buke bw’iyoni.

Bateri y’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma (litiy) ituma habaho ubuhinga bushasha bw’ibinyabuzima. Ivyuma vy’amazi vy’i cathode bisaba voltage bisaba ibikoresho bifise ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’ugukomera. Fluorinated organic solvents have emerged as candidates, offering stability at potentials above 4.5V versus lithium. Ivyo bikoresho vyihariye bishoboza - uruvyaro rufise uburemere bwinshi bw’inguvu.

Ibisabwa ku bijanye n’uburyo bwo gukoresha bateri- ikarata y’ibinyabuzima irakomeye cane. Ubwibone butegerezwa kurenga 99,9%, ubukonje buri munsi y’ibice 10 ku miliyoni. Amazi ahumanya umunyu w’umunyu w’i litiyumu, bikaba bituma aside y’amazi yononekaye igatuma ibihimba vya bateri bihungabana kandi bikagabanya ubushobozi. Ivyiyumviro bigabanya ubushobozi bwo guhindura umubiri n’uguhungabanya umutekano.

Gusubira gukoresha ibintu bishaje biratanga ingorane z’inyongera ku bijanye n’ugucungera ibiyobyabwenge. Amabateri ya litiyumu yinjijwe arimwo ama electrolytes agezweho afise ibintu vyo kubora. Gukura umutekano no gusubira gukoresha canke guta ivyo bikoresho bikoresha ubuzima birabuza ibidukikije kandi bikagarukana ibikoresho vy’agaciro.

Ivyo bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none biraboneka mu rwego rw’inganda hafi yose, aho ugukoresha kw’isi yose kw’isi yose birenze amatoni imiliyoni 28. Ubushobozi bwavyo bwo gusenya, guhagarika, gukura canke gusesa ibindi bikoresho ata mpinduka z’imiti bituma zidashobora gusubirizwa mu bikorwa vyinshi.

Inganda y’impuzu n’irangi ni yo iserukira umuyagankuba munini w’ibintu vy’ibinyabuzima. Ivyo bishobora gutuma umuntu ashobora gukoresha neza, kandi akagira umwuka mwiza kugira ngo asige igipfukisho kimwe. Toluene, xylene, acetone, n’inzoga zitandukanye ni vyo bikora nk’irangi ry’agaciro n’ibikoresho vyo gusukura ibikoresho vyo gushushanya.

Ivyo guhingura imiti bivana cane n’ibintu biva mu bimera mu gihe cose c’iterambere ry’imiti no mu guhingura imiti. Ivyo bikoresho bikora nk’ivy’ugusubiza ibintu mu buryo bw’imiti, ibikoresho vyo gukuramwo ibintu kugira ngo bishobore gutandukanya ibintu bikora n’ibintu biva mu kamere, ibinyamakuru bisukura mu bikorwa vy’ubuhinga bwo gusukura, n’ibintu bitwara mu guhingura ibintu. Ethanol, metanol, acetone na dichloromethane ziri mu bikoresho vy’imiti bikoreshwa cane.

Urwego rw’ibintu bifatanya n’ibindi bikoresho rukoresha ibikoresho vy’ibinyabuzima kugira ngo bigenzure ukuntu ibintu bihuye no gukoresha. Inyuma y’aho umuntu asavye, guhindura umwuka w’amazi bituma ivyo bishirwaho. Ivyo gufatanya n’inganda, ibikoresho vy’ubwubatsi, n’ivyuma vyo mu nzu vyose birimwo ibintu vy’ibinyabuzima mu mibumbe yavyo.

Gucapura irangi bisaba ibintu kugira ngo bigumeko neza kandi bimenyekane mbere n’ugukwiragira ku bibanza vy’icapa. Uburyo butandukanye bwo gucapura -: officgraphic, grexgraphy{{2}=Gukoresha uburyo butandukanye bwo gukoresha ibintu vy'agaciro vy'ibisabwa. Ivyo bikoresho vy’amazi n’ivy’amazi bikunda kuboneka mu buryo bwo gucapura.

Ibikorwa vy’ubuhinga bwo gukora imiti ku bipimo vyose bikoresha ibikoresho vy’ibinyabuzima nk’ibinyamakuru vy’inyishu. Ivyo bikoresho bishobora gutuma umuntu ashobora kuvanga, kugenzura ubushuhe bw’inyishu biciye mu bushobozi bwavyo bwo gushuha, no kugira ico bikoze ku rugero rw’inyishu n’uguhitamwo. Abashakashatsi bo mu laboratwari n’ibimera vy’inganda vyose bivana no guhitamwo ibintu bikwiye vyo guhindura ibintu.

Inganda y’ubuhinga bwa none ikoresha ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwo gusukura, gukuraho ibisigarira vy’amazi, no gukuraho ibihimba vy’umubiri. Gusukura neza bisaba ibintu biva mu mazi bihindura umwuka burundu ata masigarira asigara. Isopropanol n’ibintu vy’agaciro vy’umwihariko birakora ivyo bikoresho.

Ukwitwararika umuntu n’ivyo kwisiga birimwo ibintu bifise ubuzima mu mibavu, ivyuma bikoreshwa mu gusukura imisumari, ibikuramwo imisumari, n’ingene umuntu akora. Ethanol na ethyl acetate ziboneka kenshi muri ivyo bikoresho vy’abaguzi.

Ibikorwa vyo gusukura vy’umwotsi vyishingikirije ku bikoresho vy’ibinyabuzima, cane cane perchlorethylene (tetrachlororoethylene), kugira ngo bisukure ibitambaro vy’amazi bitagira amazi. Ivyiyumviro vy’ibidukikije n’ubuzima vyatumye habaho uburyo bundi bwo gukoresha iyo porogarama.

Organic Solvents

Ivyo bikoresho bishobora gutera ingorane z’amagara bivanye n’ingene bigize imiti, ivyiyumviro, igihe umuntu amara, n’inzira y’ugushirwa ahabona. Abakozi amamiliyoni kw’isi yose barahura n’ibintu bishobora gutuma umuntu agira ingorane mu bibanza vyabo.

Ingaruka z'ugushikirwa n'ibintuahanini ni uguhungabana kw’imitsi yo hagati. Igihe gito - ijambo ry’agaciro kanini- ku rugero rutuma umuntu agira ibimenyetso kuva ku mutwe, gusinzira, no ku muco gushika ku gutera umuvurungano, ukubura uguhuza, ukutagira ubwenge, ugufatwa n’indwara, n’urupfu. Ijisho, izuru n’ugushavura kw’umuhogo birakunda kubaho iyo umuntu akoresheje umwotsi w’amazi. Izo ngaruka zica zica zifata ingingo yihuta iyo umuntu amaze gusozera, ariko bituma umuntu agira ingorane zo kwirinda mu gutuma urubanza n’igihe co gusubiza bihungabana.

Gushikirwa n'ibintu bitari bikeku binyabuzima mu kiringo c’amezi canke imyaka bituma umuntu agira ingaruka zikomeye ku buzima. Igihe kirekire co kwonona ingingo nyinshi:

Ubuhinga bw’imitsi bugaragaza ko umuntu ashobora gushikirwa n’ingorane. Ubumara bw’imitsi bugoramye bugaragara nk’ubumuga bwo mu mutwe, ingorane zo kwibuka, amahinduka y’ubuntu, n’ugugabanya uguhuza. Hariho ibintu bitera -n - heluene, n'ivyuma vy'imitsi- ivyemejwe. Ivyo bishobora guhinduka bimwe bimwe iyo umuntu ahagaze neza, ariko abantu bakomeye baratera ingorane zidahera.

Ivyuma vyinshi vy’ibinyabuzima vyemezwa ko umuntu agira kanseri y’abantu. Benzene itera indwara y’amaraso n’amaraso. Formaldehyde yongera ingorane zo kurwara kanseri y’amaraso n’indwara y’amaraso. Trichlorethylene na carbone tetrachloride na zo nyene zitwara imigwi y’abantu.

Ingaruka z’ubuzima bw’imyororokere zaranditswe ku bintu vyinshi vy’ubuhinga bw’amazi. 2-thexyethanol na 2-methethanol vyononekaye ku bagabo n’abagore. Abagore bataravuka bashikiwe n’ibintu vyinshi bishobora gutuma umuntu asinzira, ingorane zo kuvyara, ubumuga bwo kuvyara be n’abana batoyi bavyara.

Ivyononekaye n’ivyononekaye biva ku gushikirwa n’ibintu vyinshi bimutera. Ivyo bihimba bihindura ibintu bitera umunyu, bikaba bituma bishobora gushikirwa n’ubumara bw’ibintu vy’agaciro. Ivyo bihimba vy’umubiri bifise ibihimba vy’umubiri cane cane biragira ico bikoze ku mikorere y’igitigu.

Ingaruka z’indwara y’ibicurane zishika kenshi mu bakozi bavyifatamwo neza. Ivyokurya bikuramwo amavuta kamere mu rukoba, bigatuma umuntu yumutse, akamenagura be n’indwara y’urukoba. Hari ibintu biva mu bihimba vy’umubiri bita urukoba rutagiramwo ikintu maze bikaja mu maraso, bikaba bituma haba inzira y’uguhumeka kure y’uguhumeka.

Inzira z'ibikorwakumenya uburemere n’ubwoko bw’ingaruka ku buzima. Guhumeka ni inzira y’intango yo gushikirwa n’ibintu bishobora guhinduka. Utugingo ngengabuzima tw’amazi twinjira mu mahaha maze ugaca ukwiragira mu mubiri wose biciye mu maraso. Ugufata mu mubiri bibaho iyo ibikoresho vy’amazi bikorana n’urukoba canke iyo abakozi bazibira ibiganza mu vyo kwogeramwo ibintu bimota. Guhindura, naho nyene bimenyerewe, bishika biciye mu maboko yanduye akora ku bijanye n’ivyo kurya canke ivyo kunywa.

Ivyago vy'umuriro n'uguturikan’akaga gaca gaca. Ivyinshi mu binyabuzima birashobora gusha cane n’ibintu bitoya. Vapor - umuyaga mu nzira y’umuriro ishobora gukayangana ku muyagankuba udahinduka, ibishashi, urubeya rwuguruye, canke ahantu hashushe. Ububiko bubereye busaba ibikoresho vyo hasi kugira ngo umuntu akingire ukuva mu mazi. Ibikoresho vy’amashanyarazi mu bice bikoreshwa cane mu gukoresha ivyuma bikomeye bitegerezwa kuba bitekanye. Ivyemezo vy'akazi n'uguhindura umwuka neza ni ngombwa imbere y'"igikorwa gishushe" mu bice vy'ivyuma vy'amazi.

Itegeko ry'ugushirwa ahabonagufasha gukingira abakozi. Ubuyobozi bw’Umutekano n’Ubuzima (OSHA) bushinga Imiti y’Ivyiyumviro vy’Ivyiyumviro (PELs) ku bikoresho vyinshi. Ikigo c’Igihugu c’Umutekano n’Ubuzima (NIOSH) kirasohora Imiti y’Ivyiyumviro (RELs). Inama y’Abanyamerika y’abahinga mu vy’inganda za Leta (ACGIH) itera imbere mu bijanye n’agaciro kanini (TLVs). Ivyo bigaragaza ibipimo vyinshi vy’ikirere birenga umunani - Impinduka y’akazi.

Ingingo zo kwirindabitegerezwa gushirwa mu ngiro aho hose hakoreshwa ibikoresho vy'ibinyabuzima:

Igenzura ry’ubuhinga ni ryo ritanga umurongo wa mbere wo kwikingira. Ivyo gutera umwuka bikwiye bikuraho umwotsi w’amazi ku nkomoko yavyo. Uburyo bwo gusohora umwuka wo mu karere, igipfukisho c’amazi, n’ibibanza vyo kubikamwo umwuka bigabanya ivyiyumviro vy’ikirere. Uburyo buzitiye buragabanya ukurekura ibintu biva mu mazi.

Ibikoresho vyo kurinda umuntu (PPE) birimwo imiti y’imiti-ishobora guhangana n’ibintu vy’agaciro vyatowe ku bikoresho vyihariye, amataratara y’umutekano canke amataratara, ibikoresho vyo guhumeka iyo umwuka ugaragaza ko udahagije, kandi ko ari imyambaro y’uburinzi. Guhitamwo amagare bisaba ko umuntu yitwararika neza- imiryango y’ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none vyinjira mu bikoresho bitandukanye vy’amaganzu.

Ubugenzuzi bw’uburongozi bujanye n’ingene umuntu akora. Abakozi bakwiye gukoresha umubare mutoyi w’ibintu bishobora gutuma ibintu bigenda neza, mugume mufise ibikoresho bipfutse igihe bitakoreshwa, kwirinda gukaraba ibiganza n’ibikoresho, guhindura vuba imyambaro y’ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none, no kuronka inyigisho zisanzwe ku bijanye n’uburyo bwo gukoresha neza.

Ivyo bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa peteroli vy’agaciro bita peteroli. Uguhinduka kwavyo gukomeye bituma habaho ivyuka vyinshi mu kirere. Ivyuma vy’ibinyabuzima (VOCs) biva mu bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none biragira uruhara mu guhingura smog y’ibara ry’agahama kandi bikagira ico bikoze ku gihumanya ozone y’urugero rwa ozone. Mu mwaka w’2017, ibikoresho vy’ibinyabuzima biri mu bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none vyinshi cane mu kirere cakurikiranywe n’Ishirahamwe ry’Amerika ry’Ukurinda Ibidukikije.

Ivyo gusesa amaraso bidashika bihumanya ubutaka n’amazi yo mu butaka. Ivyuma vyinshi vy’ibinyabuzima birarwanya ugusenyuka kw’ibinyabuzima, bikagumaho mu bihe vy’igihe kirekire. Ibidukikije vy’amazi birashikirwa n’ingorane zidasanzwe igihe ibintu biva mu nzira y’amazi bitabajwe mu migezi, mu nzuzi canke mu biyaga. Igitero ca peteroli{4}} gishingiye ku ntungamubiri zisanzwe na co nyene kirarema ivyiyumviro vy’ubuzima buramba bihawe ubutunzi bw’amavuta y’ibisigazwa.

Umukazo w’amategeko warakomeje cane mu myaka iheze. Igihugu c’Ubumwe bw’Uburaya citwa VOC Directive kigabanya ivyuka bihumanya ikirere. Ikigo ca Amerika kijejwe gukingira ibidukikije gishiraho ingingo ngenderwako zikomeye zo gukoresha, ububiko n’uguta. Intwaro nyinshi zibuza canke zigabanya cane ibintu bishobora gutera akaga cane nk’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma.

Ingingo ngenderwako z’ubuhinga bwa shimi zatumye habaho iterambere ry’ibindi bikoresho bishobora gutuma umuntu agira ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije no ku buzima. Bio - ishingiye ku bikoresho biva mu bifungurwa bishobora gusubirwamwo biratanga ubuyobozi bumwe bwiza.

Etanolikuva ku bigori, isukari, canke ibindi bihingwa bigereranya ikintu gikoreshwa cane - gishingiyeko. Ibikorwa remezo vyayo, ukumenyera, n’ivy’agaciro gatoyi bituma bikwegera abantu ku bikorwa vyinshi. Bio -etanol isa n'iyigira amavuta y'amavuta- éthanol ivuye mu nzira ariko iva ku bikoresho bishobora gusubirwamwo.

Ethyl lactate, biva mu gukora ibigori, bikora nk’uburyo butekanye kuruta bwo gukoresha ethyl acetate na acetone. Iyi me- ishingiye ku gukora neza mu gusukura ivyuma, gukuraho irangi, no nk’ikintu co gupfuka. Ugusenyuka kwayo kw’ibinyabuzima be n’ubumara buke birabereye ku bikorwa aho ugukomeza ibidukikije bitera ingorane.

2-Methyltetradhydran (2-MeTHF), ikomoka ku makosa y’ibigori n’ibikaju, itanga uburyo bwo gukoresha ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi bitoto ku dichloromethane n’iyisanzwe y’amazi. Iyi ether y’inzira y’inzira y’inzira y’inzira y’inzira y’inzira y’inzira y’inzira y’inzira y’inzira y’inzira y’inzira n’uguhingura polymere.

Cyrene (dihydrolevoglucose)igereranya ubuhinga bushasha mu binyabuzima vy’ivyatsi bitotahaye. Cyrene itanga imyanda mike, Cyrene itanga ubumara buke kandi ishobora gusubirira dimethylformmide (DMF) na N-2-pyrrrolidone (NMP) mu bikorwa vyinshi. Vyaragaragaye ko ari vyiza mu guhingura graphene no mu bikorwa vyo gukorana n’umuyagankuba. Cyrene yemeye biciye ku bihembo vyinshi kubera ubuhinga bushasha n’ivyemezo vy’ubuzima buramba.

Ivyagezwe vy'ubuhinga bwa none (INDESs)igize umugwi uriko uratera imbere w’ibintu biva mu bimera bikozwe mu gufatanya ibintu biva mu kamere nk’ivyo bita choline chloride, urea, glycerol, n’ibindi bihimba vy’umubiri. Ivyo bivanze vy’agaciro biguma ari amazi mu bushuhe bwo mu cumba naho vyari bikomeye. NADESs zitanga ubumara buke, ubushobozi bwo gusenyuka, n’ubushobozi bwo gusenya ibintu bitandukanye. Ivyo bikoresho vyavyo birimwo gukuramwo ibintu bikora mu bimera, mu gukora imiti, no mu vy’ubuhinga bwa shimi.

Isoko ry’ibinyabuzima ry’ibinyabuzima ry’ibinyabuzima ryarateye imbere cane, n’ibiharuro vyerekana ugukomeza kwaguka. Isoko ry’Isoko ry’Ivy’Isoko ry’Ivy’Isoko ry’Ivy’Isoko ry’Ivyuma rivuga ko isoko ry’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi bitoto n’ivy’ibinyabuzima rizokwandika igipimo c’iterambere ry’umwaka ry’ibice 4,3% hagati ya 2014 na 2020. Ugusaba kw’abaguzi ku bikoresho bifise inshingano ku bidukikije, hamwe n’ibisabwa n’amategeko, bituma iryo terambere ritera.

Ariko rero, ibintu vy’ivyatsi bitoto birahura n’ingorane. Ntizishobora gusubirira ibikoresho bisanzwe mu bikorwa vyose kubera imipaka y’ibikorwa canke ibiciro vyinshi. Bamwe mu bio- bishingiye ku guhingura ibifungurwa, ivyo bikaba bituma haba ibibazo vy’ubuzima buramba. Ubuzima - Igenzura ry’ibinyobwa vy’ivyatsi bitotahaye ritegerezwa kwiyumvira uruhererekane rwavyo rwose rwo guhingura, harimwo n’ivyo mu buhinzi, inkomezi zo gukora, n’ugutwara abantu n’ibintu.

Nta n’ivyo gusukura ari “icatsi kibisi” mu bihe vyose. Imwe yose itegerezwa gusuzumwa mu gikorwa cayo c’umwihariko, uravye uburyo bwo guhingura, ubushobozi bwo gusubira gukoresha, iherezo- ry’ugukuraho ubuzima, n’ubushobozi bwo gukora muri rusangi. Intumbero si ikintu kimwe c’icatsi kibisi c’isi yose ahubwo ni ibikoresho bitandukanye vy’ubundi buryo butekanye buhuye n’ibikorwa bitandukanye.

Guhitamwo ikintu kibereye c’ibinyabuzima kugira ngo gikoreshwe mu buryo bumwe bisaba ko umuntu agira uburinganire. Indongozi zo gutoranya abantu zarateguwe kugira ngo zifashe abahinga mu vy’ubuhinga bwa shimi n’abahinga gufata ingingo zijanye n’amakuru.

Ivyiyumviro vy'uburuhukiron’umenye nimba ikintu co gusukura kizosenyuka ikintu kinaka. Iciyumviro "nk'ugusesagura nk'"itanga intango-Ivyiyumviro bishaje ibinogo vy'amazi, mu gihe ibitari vyo- Ivyiyumviro vy’ugusesagura kw’ibihaha bitanga uburyo butatu buteye igomwe - uburyo bwo gufata, bukamenagura uburemere bw’ibintu mu nguvu z’ugukwiragira, imigenderanire y’amabuye y’agaciro, n’ibice bifatanya n’iyidrojeni.

Ivyiyumviromu gukora imiti y’imiti harimwo ingaruka z’ibintu biva mu nzira ku rugero rw’inyishu, guhitamwo, n’umwimbu. Inzoga y’ugucika intege iragira ico ikoze ku buryo bwo gusubiza. Ivyo bikoresho bifise ubushobozi bwo gufatanya n’amazi (ivyo bifise ubushobozi bwo gufatanya n’iyidrojeni) bifise inyifato itandukanye n’ivyo mu bihimba vy’umubiri (ivyo bitagira) mu nyishu nyinshi. Ibisabwa ku bijanye n’ubushuhe bishobora gutegeka uguhitamwo ibintu vy’ivyuma-Ibikorwa ku bushuhe buhanitse bisaba ko habaho ibintu vyinshi -boilings, mu gihe - Ivyiyumviro vy’ubushuhe bikeneye ibikoresho biguma muri ivyo bishusho.

Gutunganya nezabigira ico bikoze ku guhitamwo ibinyobwa. Iyo igicuruzwa gitegerezwa gutandukanywa n’ikintu gikoresha amazi, coroha gutandukana. Ivyo bikoresho bishobora gutuma umuntu agira umwuka woroshe. Ibintu bishobora gutuma amazi ashobora gukura amazi. Hariho uburyo bwo gusubira gukoresha ibintu no gusubira gukoresha ibintu, bigatuma ugushikama n’ugusukura biba bihambaye.

Ibidukikije, ubuzima n'umutekano (EHS)ipima cane mu guhitamwo ibintu vy’ubuhinga bwa none. Ibikoresho nk’umurongozi w’uguhitamwo ivy’ubuhinga bwa CHEM21 birafasha kumenya uburyo butekanye kuruta. Ivyo birongozi biri mu mice myinshi: umutekano (uburuhuko, ubushobozi bwo gukora), ubuzima (ubumara bw’umutima, ingaruka zidakira), ibidukikije (ukubaho, ubumara bwo mu mazi), n’ingorane zo kuvura imyanda.

Ibintu vy'ubutunziharimwo igiciro c’ibintu vy’isuku, ivyo bikaba bitandukanye cane, n’ibisabwa n’ibikorwa remezo. Ibintu vyihariye bishobora gusaba ibikoresho bizimvye kugira ngo umuntu asubirwemwo canke akire. Ibiciro vy’ugukurikiza amategeko y’amategeko{2}} Gutanga, kugenzura, gutanga raporo- ku giciro cose co gukoresha ibintu bimwebimwe.

Bivanze uburyo bwo gusukurakenshi itanga ibikorwa vyiza kuruta ibikoresho bimwe bimwe. Ivyo bivanze vy’ibitoke canke ivy’intangamarara birashobora gufatanya ivyiza vy’ibintu bitandukanye bishobora gutuma umuntu agira ingorane mu gihe bigabanya ingorane. Ivyo bikoresho vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma kugira ngo bishike ku ntumbero y’ubuhinga bwa none n’uburemere buke.

Ikoranabuhanga ry’ibintu vy’ubuhinga bwa none rirabandanya gutera imbere mu kwishura ku vyo ubuhinga busaba n’ibintu vy’ubuzima buramba.

Ivyavuyemwo- uburyo bwo gukoraigereranya intumbero nziza mu vy’ubuhinga bwa shimi. Aho bishoboka, gukuraho ibintu bikuraho vyose bikuramwo ingorane n’ibiciro bijana n’ivyo. Solid-Ivyiyumviro, inyishu nziza (zivanzwe ata n’imwe ihindura), n’imigenderanire y’ubuhinga itera imbere iyo ntumbero. Ariko rero, ibikorwa vyinshi biracari bisaba ibintu bishobora gutuma umuntu ashirwa mu ngiro.

Amazi meza cane, cane cane dioxide y’umuyagankuba (scCO), itanga uburyo bundi bwo gukoresha ibintu bisanzwe vy’ibinyabuzima. Hejuru y’ubushuhe n’umuvuduko wavyo, CO₂ ihinduka amazi afise amazi meza- asa n’uburemere bw’amazi ariko gazi- imeze nk’ugukwiragira. ScCO ₂ isenya ibintu vyinshi bitagira - porlande, nta n’ibisigazwa vy’ubumara biva, kandi igatandukanya bitagoranye biciye ku kugabanya umuvuduko. Inganda z’ikawa zikoresha scCO yo gukoresha mu gukuraho ubumara. Gukura imiti n’ugukora polymere na vyo nyene birakoresha amazi menshi cane. High- Ibisabwa ku bikoresho vy'ugukanda n'uburemere buke bibuza kwemerwa kwagutse.

Amazi y'amaziigizwe n’iyon iguma mu bushuhe bwo mu cumba. Ivyo bikoresho vy'abahinguzi bishobora guhuzwa ku bikorwa vyihariye mu guhitamwo cation ikwiye - ihuriro ry'ibintu. Igitutu cabo c’umwotsi kidakomeye cane kirabuza ivyuka biva mu kirere. Ariko rero, amazi menshi y’iyon afise ubumara butazwi, ubuhinga bwavyo bwo gukora burazimvye, kandi ubushobozi bwo gusubira gukoreshwa busaba ko umuntu asuzuma biciye ku kibazo.

Gupima ibikoresho vy'ubuhinga bwa noneibikoresho vyihutisha uguhitamwo ivyuma biciye mu gukora ibigereranyo vy’ibihimba vy’umubiri no kwiga kw’imashini. Gutegekanya imiterere y’ibintu, ingaruka z’inyishu, n’ingaruka z’ibidukikije bigabanya mu buryo bw’ubuhinga bwo gukora igerageza- na{2}}errror. Ivyo bikoresho birafasha kumenya abashaka kwitoza mu bibanza vyinshi vy’imiti.

Ivyo bikoresho vy'amabateri biteye imberekwakira ubushakashatsi bukomeye. Inyuma y’aho - uruvyaro rwa litiyumu ifise amashanyarazi menshi n’uburemere bw’inguvu zikeneye ibikoresho bihamye hejuru ya 4.8V. Ivyo bihimba vy’umubiri vy’umubiri n’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’Ivyuma. Trifluorothyl methyl carbonate n’ibindi bihimba vy’umubiri bifise fluorinate bishobora gutuma haba ivyamwa vy’umukara vy’umukara- voltage litiyumu- cathodes n’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma.

Gusubiramwo no gukiraubuhinga buratuma ubuzima bugumaho. Gutandukanya ibintu bitandukanye bivanze bishingiye ku ntandukaniro z’amanota y’uguteka. Gutandukanya ibihimba vy’umubiri, ugufata, n’imigenderanire y’ugutera imbere kw’imitsi y’umubiri irasubirana no gusukura ibintu vyakoreshejwe. Hafite - uburyo bwo gukoresha bugabanya ugukoresha ibintu bishasha n'ugutakaza imyanda.

Inganda y’ibintu biva mu mazi ihanganye n’uguhagarara kw’ibikorwa hagati y’ibisabwa n’intumbero z’ubuzima buramba. Hariho ibikoresho bishobora kutazokwigera bironka uburyo buhagije bw’ivyatsi bitoto, bisaba ko habaho ugukomeza gukoresha ibikoresho vya kera bigenzurwa. Ibindi bikoresho bizohindukira bikaja mu binyabuzima - bishingiye, bike bishobora gutera akaga, canke vyose bishobora gutuma umuntu agira ubuzima. Inzira yerekana uburyo butandukanye, bwo gukoresha- bwihariye bushira imbere umutekano n’inshingano z’ibidukikije.

Ubushakashatsi ku bijanye n’imiterere- ubucuti bw’itunga burabandanya buhishura ingene imiterere y’ibihimba vy’umubiri igena ibiranga umuti. Ubu bumenyi buratuma habaho uguhingura ibintu bishasha vy’ubuhinga bushasha ku ntumbero zimwe zimwe. Ihuriro ry’ingingo ngenderwako z’ubuhinga bwa shimi, ubuhinga bwo gutanga ibimenyetso buteye imbere, n’ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none biriko birahindura ubuhinga bw’ibinyabuzima mu kinjana ca 21.

Organic Solvents

Igikoresho c’ibinyabuzima kirimwo atome za carbone nk’igice c’imiterere yayo y’ibihimba, mu bisanzwe ifatanye n’iyidrojeni, umwuka w’ikirere, azote canke alogène. Ivyo bitandukanya ibintu bifise ubuzima n’ibintu bitagira ubuzima nk’amazi (HOO) canke amoniya y’amazi atagira carbone. Ico gikoresho gishingiye ku carbone- gitanga ibikoresho vy’ibinyabuzima bishobora gutuma habaho ibindi bihimba vy’umubiri.

Si ibintu vyose bifise ubuzima bifise urugero rumwe rw’ubumara. Ubumara buratandukanye cane bushingiye cane ku mibumbe y’imiti. Ethanol yerekana ubumara buke cane kandi iboneka mu nzoga no mu miti. Mu buryo butandukanye n’ubwo, benzene ni ubumara bwinshi kandi ni kanseri. Igiti c’umukaraba c’i carbon gituma igitigu cononekaye cane. Igiharuro cose gisaba ko umuntu asuzuma ingorane zaco ku muntu ku giti ciwe biciye ku mpapuro z’amakuru y’umutekano n’ingingo ngenderwako z’amategeko.

Ego cane, ibintu vyinshi vy’ibinyabuzima bishobora gusubirwamwo biciye mu gutera ivyatsi, ivyo bikaba bitandukanya ibice bishingiye ku ntumbero zitandukanye zo guteka. Inganda z’imiti zisanzwe zisubirana no gusubira gukoresha ibikoresho kugira ngo zigabanye ibiciro n’ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije. Ugushobora gusubira gukoresha ibintu bivana n’ubwoko bw’ibintu biva mu mazi, ibisabwa n’ubusuku, n’urugero rw’uguhumanya. Hariho porogarama zisaba ko umuntu ashobora guhindura umwigeme mu gihe abandi bemera ibintu vyasubiwemwo.

Bateri za Lithium zisaba ibintu biva mu bimera kuko litiyumu ikora cane n’amazi, ivyo bikaba bituma ama electrolytes y’amazi adashoboka. Ivyo bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa carbonate birasenya umunyu wa litiyumu mu gihe biguma bimeze neza mu buryo bw’amashanyarazi ku rugero rw’umuriro w’ibati. Bakora kandi amafilime y’uburinzi ku ma electrodes abuza ibindi biboze. Ivyo bihimba vy’umubiri vy’umubiri vy’umubiri bifise carbonate n’ivyo bita carbonates vy’umurongo bitanga uburinganire bwiza bw’ubushobozi bwo gutwara ions n’uburinzi bw’ivyuma.

Ibinyabiziga vy’ibinyabuzima ni carbone- bishingiye ku nganda kuva ku bikorwa vy’ubuhinga bwa none gushika ku bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none, bifise ibintu birenga 200 bitandukanye bikora ibikorwa vy’umwihariko

Ivyago vy’ubuzima n’umutekano biratandukanye cane hagati y’ibikoresho vy’ibinyabuzima, kuva ku éthanol y’agaciro kanini gushika ku nzira ya kanseri, bisaba ko umuntu ashobora kuyikoresha neza be n’ibikoresho bikwiye vyo kurinda .

Ivyuma vy’amabateri ya Lithium bivana cane n’ibintu bishobora gutuma umunyu wa litiyumu, gukora ions hagati y’ama electrode, no gukora amasanamu akingira bishobora gutuma bateri igira ubuzima buramba .

Uburyo bundi buzimya harimwo n'ibikoresho vy'ibinyabuzima bishingiye ku binyabuzima, ibikoresho vy'ubuhinga bwa none, n'ibintu vy'agaciro vy'ivyatsi vy'ivyatsi vy'ivyatsi vy'ivyatsi vy'ivyatsi vy'ivyatsi vy'ivyatsi vy'ivyatsi vy'ivyatsi.

Guhitamwo amashanyarazi bisaba guhuza ibintu vyinshi harimwo ubushobozi bwo gusesa, uburyo bwo gukingira, ingaruka z'ibidukikije, igiciro, n'ikoreshwa- ibisabwa mu bikorwa vy'ibikorwa