Ni igiki c’abanya Orectrolyte ni iki?

Igikoresho c’umuyagankuba ni umuti ukora aho ibintu biva mu bimera bikora nk’ikintu co gutuma umunyu ushonze. Ivyo bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa electrolytes bishoboza gutwara ion hagati y’ama electrode mu mabateri hakoreshejwe carbone- ishingiye ku bikoresho nk’ivyo bita éthylene carbonate canke dimethyl carbonate, aho gukoresha ibikoresho bitagira ubuzima.

Niba wigeze wibazani ikihe ari bateri ya litiyumuikozwe muri, umuyagankuba wicara ku mutima w’igikorwa cawo. Amabateri ya Lithium - avana n’ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none kugira ngo igere ku nzira y’ivyuma vy’ibara ry’agahama hagati y’ivyuma vy’ivyuma n’ivyuma vy’ivyuma mu gihe c’ingendo z’ivyuma n’ivy’ugusohoka. Iyo hataba iyo nzira y’amazi, bateri ntiyokora gusa.

Ivyo bihimba bimenyerewe birimwo umunyu wa litiyumu- cane cane litiyumu hexaoroophosphate (LiPF₆)- yashizwe mu ruvange rw’ibintu biva mu bihimba vy’umubiri. Ivyo bituma haba umuti ufise ubushobozi bwo gutwara ivyuma vyinshi bishobora gutuma iyoni y’ivyuma vy’ivyuma bifise ubushobozi bwiza ishobora kwidegemvya mu gihe bibuza elegitoronike uruja n’uruza, ivyo bikaba ari vyo vyotuma habaho imirongo miremire.

Amabati y’ubudandaji y’ubudandaji akoresha amabateri y’ibinyabuzima aho gukoresha ama electrolytes y’amazi (amazi ashingiye) kubera imvo nyamukuru: ibikoresho vy’ibinyabuzima biguma bihagaze ku 4.5 volts, mu gihe amazi abora hejuru ya 1.23 volts ku bushuhe bwo mu cumba. Ico gitero c’umuriro gihindura ata guca ku ruhande mu mabateri y’uburemere bwinshi.

Ivyo bihimba vy’umubiri vy’ibinyabuzima bitandukanye bishingiye ku bisabwa vyo gukoresha, ariko ibintu vyinshi vy’ubuhinga bwa none ni vyo biganza:

Ivyatsi vy'i Cyclic:

Ethylene carbonate (EC) itanga uburyo bwo gusenyuka kw’umunyu mwinshi kandi umunyu mwiza cane, naho nyene bikomeye mu bushuhe bwo mu cumba

Propylene carbonate (PC) iguma ari amazi ariko ishobora gutuma habaho ukuvaho kw’ibara ry’umubiri mu bikoresho bimwebimwe vy’anode .

Vinylene carbonate (VC) akenshi iboneka nk’ikintu co kwongerako co gutuma umuyagankuba ushikama

Ivyandiko vy'i Carbonates:

Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) itanga uburemere buke bwo gutwara neza

Diethyl carbonate (DEC) irahuza ubushobozi n’umutekano

Ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) ifatanya imiterere ya DMC na DEC .

Ivyiyumviro vyinshi vy’ubudandaji bivanze ivyuma vy’inzira n’ivy’umurongo. Ivyo bishobora kuba birimwo 30% EC n’ibice 70% vya DEC, bikaba bituma haba amazi afise ubushobozi bwo gutwara ibintu vyinshi be n’uburemere bukwiye. Isoko ry’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’Ivyuma vy’Ivyuma vy’Ibateri ryashitse ku madolari 10,55 miliyari mu 2024 kandi ko ritegerezwa gukura gushika ku madolari 28,12 miliyaridi mu 2034, bikaba vyerekana akamaro kanini k’ivyo bikoresho.

Ether- Ivyakozwe:

1,2-dimethoxyethethane (DME) itanga ugushikama n'ivyuma vy'ivyuma

Tetrahydrofuran (THF) itanga uburemere buke .

1,3-dioxoxona itera imbere mu gukora amagare

Abashakashatsi na bo nyene bariko baratohoza amazi y’iyon nk’uburyo butekanye kuruta. Ivyo umunyu ushonje biguma ari amazi mu bushuhe bwo mu cumba kandi bikaba bitanga umukazo w’umwotsi hafi zero, bikaba bituma bidashobora gukonja. Ariko rero, uburemere bwavyo bwinshi buragabanya ubushobozi bwo gutwara iyoni ugereranyije n’ibintu bisanzwe bikoresha ibinyabuzima.

Uburyo bwo gukora buragororotse ariko buraryoshe. Mu gihe c’ugusohoka, ions za litiyumu ziri ku nzira y’amazi irekurwa mu gitereko c’umuyagankuba maze zigaja ku nzira y’amazi. Electrons, ntizishobora guca muri electrolyte, zica mu nzira y’inyuma- iyo nzira y’umuyagankuba ni umuyagankuba utanga ubushobozi bw’ibikoresho.

Ico gikoresho gitegerezwa guhazwa n’ibisabwa vyinshi vyo guhiganwa. Ikeneye uburemere buke kugira ngo ion yihuta, idahinduka cane kugira ngo umunyu wa litiyumu, idirisha ry’ugushikama kw’amashanyarazi kugira ngo ntihagire uwubora, n’ugushikama kw’imiti n’ivyo bikoresho vyose bibiri. Kurondera ibikoresho bihuza ivyo bintu vyose biracari bigoye.

Ikintu kimwe gihambaye kiba ku mpande z’ubuhinga bwa electrode: uguhingura ivyuma bikomeye vy’ubuhinga bwa electrolyte (SEI). Igihe bateri itangura, iyo electrolyte irabora igice kimwe ku ruhande rwa anode, igatuma haba igice c’uburinzi gitoyi. Iyi SEI iremeza ko ions za litiyumu zishobora guca mu gihe zibuza ama elegitoroni no kuzibira ubumara bwa electrolyte. Uburyo n’ugushikama kw’iki gice bigira ico bikoze cane ku buzima bw’amabateri n’umutekano.

Organic Electrolyte

Ihitamwo hagati y’ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none n’ivy’amazi birimwo ubudandaji bw’ishimikiro. Uburyo bwo gukoresha amazi buratanga ubushobozi bwo gutwara ion - molecule zigenda neza kuruta ibikoresho vy’ibinyabuzima. Na vyo nyene biratekanye, birahenda, kandi biroroshe gukora kubera ko amazi atashobora kwaka canke ngo agire ubumara.

Ariko iyo 1.23- Idirisha ry’ugushikama ryica ubuhinga bw’amazi ku bikorwa vyinshi. Amabateri ya Lithium-ion akora hagati ya 3,7 na 4,2 volts, birenze cane amazi ashobora kwihanganira. Abashakashatsi bamwebamwe barasunikiye ubuhinga bwo gukoresha amazi ku 2.0-2.5 volts bakoresheje umuti w’umunyu wihariye, ariko ivyo biratanga inyungu y’igiciro kandi bikazana ingorane nshasha.

Ivyo bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none biganzwa n’isoko si kubera ko ari vyiza, ariko kubera ko ari vyo vyiza kuruta ibindi vyose ku bikorwa vy’ubuhinga bwa none. Inyungu y’uburemere bw’inguvu irahambaye cane- ni itandukaniro hagati y’imodoka y’umuyagankuba ifise uburebure bw’ibilometero 100 n’uburebure bw’ibilometero 300.

Intambamyi ikomeye y’ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none ni ugukayangana. Ivyo bikoresho vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma bitanga ubushuhe bukomeye. Ubushobozi bw’ubushuhe bw’ikirere{3}} aho ubushuhe bwo mu mutima bwihutisha ibisubizo vy’imiti bituma haba ubushuhe bwinshi - butuma umuriro canke ibiturika biturika.

Ingamba nyinshi zivuga ku ngorane:

Urutoke- Ivyandike vyongeweko:Kwongerako ibintu nk’ivyo bita trimethyl phosphate canke umunyuro w’ivyuma bigabanya umuriro. Ubushakashatsi bwasohowe mu mwaka w’2020 bwagaragaje EC{2}} ishingiye ku ma electrolytes idashobora guterwa n’umuriro hakoreshejwe methyl(2,2,2-r’umuriro). Utugingo ngengabuzima dukoresheje iyo nzira yari yagiye ku nzitiro 100 ku 4.5V z’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma.

Solid -Inyuma y'Ivyiyumviro:Gusubirira ama electrolytes y’amazi afise ibikoresho bikomeye (ibinyamasyo canke ivyuma vy’ivyuma) birakuraho ubushobozi bwo gushuha burundu. Ariko rero, ama electrolytes akomeye arahura n’ingorane: ubushobozi bwo gutwara ions buke ku bushuhe bwo mu cumba, gukorana nabi n’ama electrode, n’ugusenya. Iryo koraniro ryerekana umuhango ariko ntirashobora guhura n’ingene amazi akora.

High- Ivyiyumviro vy'Ivyiyumviro:Ukoresheje umunyu w’umunyu wa 3-5 aho gukoresha 1-5 molar ihindura imiterere y’umuyagankuba. Mu buryo bwibanze cane, ama molecule y’ibintu vy’agaciro aracari make, bigabanya uburuhe no gutuma umuntu agira uburuhe. LiFSI (litiyumu bis(fluorosulfonyl)mil) muri izo ntunganyo zarerekanye umutekano mwiza mu gihe iguma ikora neza.

Isoko ry’amashanyarazi ririko riragwira cane. Isoko ry’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma (litiy) ryari rifise amadolari 5,8 miliyaridi mu 2025, kandi ritegerezwa gushika ku madolari 18,3 miliyaridi mu mwaka w’2035, bikaba vyerekana ko hariho iterambere ry’umwaka ry’ibice 12,2%. Iryo terambere rikomoka ahanini ku kwemera kw'imodoka n'uruzitiro - ububiko bw'inguvu.

Asia Pasifike ni yo itegeka umusaruro no gukoresha, ikaba ari 35% vy’isoko ry’isi yose. Ubushinwa, cane cane, bwarubatse ubushobozi bwinshi bwo gukora amashanyarazi kugira ngo bufashe mu bijanye n’ubuhinga bwabwo bwo gukora amabateri yo mu gihugu. Amashirahamwe nka Guangzhou Tinci Ikoranabuhanga ry’Ikoranabuhanga n’Ikoranabuhanga ry’Ikoranabuhanga rya Shenzhen rirongora ugutanga kw’isi yose.

Ico gice c’imodoka kiratuma abantu basaba - Ubu imodoka zikoresha amabateri menshi kuruta ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none vy’abaguzi, ugusubira inyuma kuva kera mbere n’imyaka itanu iheze. Igipapuro cose ca EV kirimwo amalitiro menshi y’umuyagankuba, kandi ugurisha kw’isi yose kw’isi yose kwari gurengeye amamiliyoni 14 mu 2023. Iyi modoka yibanda ku bushakashatsi ku bijanye n’ubuzima bw’amashanyarazi n’ubushuhe bwinshi.

Amabwirizwa y’ubushakashatsi aherutse kwerekana aho uwo murima uriko uraja. Ikibanza kimwe gifise umuhango gifise ahantu h’agaciro kanini- guhuza n’ivyuma (LHCEs). Izo nzira zikoresha umuti mutoyi w’amazi azimvye kugira ngo haboneke ibidukikije vyo mu karere bikikuje umunyu wa litiyumu, hanyuma bikabikuramwo n’ikintu kidahenda kandi kidakora. Ico bivamwo gihuza inyungu z’uburyo bwo hejuru - uburyo bwo gushiramwo ibintu n’igiciro n’uburemere bubereye.

Iyindi nzira ni uguhindura igice ca SEI biciye ku bintu vy’inyongera vy’amashanyarazi. Igitigiri gitoyi (1-5%) c’ibintu vyihariye bishobora kugira ico bikoze cane ku bijanye n’imiterere iri ku ruhande rw’ivyuma. Nk’akarorero, Vinylene carbonate irabora kugira ngo ireme filime ya SEI idahinduka. Abashakashatsi bo mu bibanza vy’amabateri ubu barakunda gupima amajana y’ibintu bishobora kwongerwako bakoresheje ubuhinga bwo gukoresha ubuhinga bwa none imbere y’uko bakoranya abashaka gukora cane.

Vyose- catsolid -bateri zigereranya ukugenda gukomeye cane ku buhinga bwa none. Toyota, Samsung, na QuantumScape biri mu masosiyete ashiramwo amahera menshi mu bikoresho bikomeye vy’ubuhinga bwa electrolytes. Iyo ishoboye, izo nzira zoshobora gutanga ubushobozi bw’inguvu 50% kuruta litiyumu -i atteries mu gihe zikuraho ingorane z’umuriro. Ariko rero, ingorane z’ubuhinga zikikuje ugushikama kw’interface n’uguhingura ku rugero ntizitorwa umuti.

Ivyo Lithium yaroraniwe bifise abashakashatsi bakoresheje uburyo busa n’ubwo ku mabati ya sodium -ation. Sodium ni nyinshi cane kandi zihenda kuruta litiyumu, bituma ubuhinga bwa sodium - uburyo bwo kubika ibintu bihagaze aho uburemere buhambaye. Inkuru nziza: ama electrolytes menshi y’ibinyabuzima yateguwe ku bijanye n’imiterere ya litiyumu akora neza na sodium.

Ingorane ziratandukanye gatoyi. Ions y’isodium ni nini kuruta iyoni ya litiyumu, igira ico ikoze ku mico y’ugutwara n’uguhingura SEI. Abahinga mu vy’amashanyarazi barakeneye guhindurwa kugira ngo bashobore kwakira izo ntandukaniro. Ester- ishingiye ku binyabuzima (nk'iyitwa ethyl acetate canke methyl propoiote) rimwe na rimwe ikora neza n'iyi sodium kuruta carbonate- ishingiye ku vyo ikora.

Sodium sodium sodium - iva ku masosiyete nka CATL ubu ikoresha ivyuma vy’ubuhinga bwa none bisa n’ivyo litiyumu - uburyo bwo gukora, mu bisanzwe hexaroorophosphate (NaPF₆) mu mivumba ya carbonate. Iryo koraniro ntiryahuye n'ibikorwa vya litiyumu - ari vyo, ariko ku bikorwa nk'ububiko bw'izuba bwo kubamwo, "vyiza bihagije" ku giciro gito bishobora kuba "vyiza."

Ivyuma vy’ubuhinga bwa electrolytes birarwana ku bushuhe birenze urugero. Aha hepfo -20 degre , uburemere bw’ibintu buragwira kandi gutwara litiyumu-ion biragenda buhoro cane. Hejuru 60℃, ivy’ugusenyuka biragenda vyihuta kandi ubuzima bw’amabateri burashikirwa n’ingorane.

Ether - ishingiye ku ma electrolytes muri rusangi ikora neza kuruta carbonate- ishingiye ku ikonje, naho nyene itanga ugushikama kw’umuriro. Ubushakashatsi bwasohowe mu mwaka w’2024 bwagaragaje sodium - Ivyuma bikoreshwa kuri -40℃hakoreshejwe ubuhinga bwa eteri yateguwe neza. Urufunguruzo rwarimwo uburinganire bwo gutorera umuti ibibazo- Kumenya ama molecule y’ibintu vy’agaciro atunganya hirya no hino-kugira ngo bigumeko ugutera imbere kw’iyoni n’igihe ubukonje.

Ku bikorwa vy’ubuhinga bwa none, ibikoresho vy’ubushuhe, ethers n’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma bitanga ugushikama neza kuruta carbonates zisanzwe. Ibikorwa vy’igisirikare n’ivy’indege rimwe na rimwe bishingira intahe igiciro kinini c’izo electrolytes zidasanzwe.

Ivyuma vy’ubuhinga bwa electrolytes biboneka mu bikoresho vy’amabateri birenze litiyumu -io. Amabateri ya Lithium{2}}asulfur, mu vy’impwemu itanga inguvu nyinshi cane, isaba ama electrolytes abuza polysulfide gusenyuka. Abashakashatsi barateguye ubuhinga bwihariye bw’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma nk’ivy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma kugira ngo ivyo bishoboke.

Amabateri y’uruja n’uruza y’ibinyabuzima bikoresha ibintu vy’ibinyabuzima vy’ibinyabuzima nk’ikintu gikora aho gukoresha electrode zikomeye. Izo nzira zica mu nzira y’umuyagankuba biciye muri iyo bateri, bigatuma ubushobozi bw’inguvu bugera ku rugero rwigenga ku bijanye n’inguvu. Ivyamwa vy’iporofe, viologens, na TEMPO biva mu bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bw’amazi canke vy’ibinyabuzima vyerekana ko hariho umuhango wo kubika - igipimo.

Zinc {{0}Iir roir rimwe na rimwe zikoresha ama electrolytes y’ibinyabuzima kugira ngo ntizigire fire ya zinc. Amabateri ya Magnesium - imbere cane mu bice vy’ubushakashatsi- ubuhinga bwihariye bw’ubuhinga bwa electrolytes kubera ko magnesium idakora igice kidakora nk’uko litiyumu ikora.

Organic Electrolyte

Amazi arabora biciye mu guhindura amashanyarazi ku bikoresho vy’amashanyarazi biri hejuru ya 1.23V, akazana umwuka w’amazi n’umwuka w’ikirere. Lithium - ibeteri zikora kuri 3.7-4.2V, zirenze cane urutonde rw’ugushikama kw’amazi. Ivyo bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none biguma bihagaze neza kuri ivyo bikoresho vy’amashanyarazi vyinshi, bikaba bituma umuntu ashobora kubika inguvu nyinshi ku buremere bw’ibintu.

Ivyinshi mu binyabuzima bikoreshwa mu mabateri-barbonates, ethers, esters- Gushiramwo carbone - Ihydrogène ishobora gutuma umwuka w’ikirere n’ubushuhe bibaho. Iyo bateri yinjiye mu gihe c’ubushuhe, ubushuhe bwo mu mutima burashobora kurenga 150℃, aho ivyo bikoresho bishobora gutera umuriro. Kuba hariho umunyu wa litiyumu be n’ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa electrode bikira, biratuma umuntu ashobora guturika.

Ugusenyuka kw’umuyagankuba kuragabanya ubuzima bw’amabateri ku 1000-2000 mu bikorwa vy’abaguzi, canke imyaka 8-10 mu modoka zikoresha umuyagankuba. Ivyiyumviro vy’ugucapura biguma ku ruhande rw’ivyuma vy’umuyagankuba, bikaba birya ivyuma vy’umuyagankuba no guhingura ibipande bizibira. Ubushuhe, ibiharuro vy’ugushaja, n’ibice vy’umuriro vyose bigira ico bikoze ku gukoresha umuvuduko w’umuvuduko w’umuvuduko w’umuvuduko w’amazi bituma ubuzima bubaho.

Ivyiyumviro vyo gusubira gukoresha ubu vyibanda canecane ku gusubirana ivyuma vy’agaciro nka litiyumu, cobalt, na nickel ku ma electrode. Ico gikoresho c’ubuhinga bwa electrolyte akenshi kiraturirwa canke kigasenyuka mu gihe c’ugusubira gukoresha amazi. Uburyo bumwe bumwe bushasha bwo kugerageza gusubirana no gusukura ibice vy’umuyagankuba, ariko ivyo ntibiriko birahiganwa mu vy’ubutunzi n’ugutanga ubuhinga bushasha bw’amashanyarazi mu bikoresho vya peteroli.

Ico gikoresho c’ubuhinga bwa none kigereranya imwe muri izo tekinoloji zikora neza bihagije ku buryo uburyo bundi buhanganye n’ingorane zo kuyikuraho, mbere n’aho yoba afise imipaka izwi. Solid - Uburyo bwo gutanga amakuru burasezerana umutekano mwiza, kandi uburyo bwo gukoresha amazi buratanga igiciro gito, ariko ubu amazi y’amazi y’ibinyabuzima ubu aratanga uburinganire bwiza bw’ibikorwa, uburemere bw’inguvu, n’ubushobozi bwo gukora. Ku bijanye n’akazoza, litiyo yose - iyo bateri ikoresha amatelefone yacu, ama laptops, n’ibinyabiziga bizoba birimwo amamilitiro menshi y’izo carbone- ishingiye ku nzira y’amazi ikora igikorwa cabo c’ugucereza, gihambaye.