Ni igiki Deep Discharge?

Gusohoka mu buryo bukomeye bishika iyo bateri ikoresha 80% canke birenze ubushobozi bwayo bwose imbere y’uko isubira gushaja. Ivyo bitandukanye n’uburyo busanzwe bwo gusohoka aho amabateri akoreshwa mu 20-50% y’ubushobozi bwayo. Igihe amabateri asohoka cane, inyishu z’imiti zidashobora gusubirwamwo zitangura zigabanya ubuziraherezo ubushobozi bwazo bwo kubika no gutanga inguvu.

Inkubi y’Inyandiko ipima ijana kw’ijana ry’ubushobozi bwa bateri ryakoreshejwe ugereranije n’ubushobozi bwose buhari. Iyo bateri 100 amp- houre (Ah) isohora 80 Ah, ishitse ku 80% DoD.

Ivyo biharuro biragororotse:

DoD (%)=(Ubushobozi Bukoreshwa / Ubushobozi bwose) × 100

DoD irwanya ata guca ku ruhande State of Charge (SoC). Iyo DoD ari 80%, SoC ni 20%. Ivyo bipimo bibiri bikorana kugira ngo bishobore gutanga ishusho yuzuye y’aho bateri ari -DoD ikubwira ivyo vyakoreshejwe, mu gihe SoC yerekana ibisigaye.

Abahinguzi b’amabateri barashizeho imipaka yihariye ya DoD ku bijanye n’ubuhinga butandukanye. Amabateri y’uburongozi ashika ku 50% DoD yo gukoresha, mu gihe amabateri ya litiyumu{3}} Ishobora gukora neza 80-90% DoD. Ivyo bigeragezo birahari kubera ko ibisohoka vyimbitse vyihutisha kwambara ku bihimba vyo mu mutima.

Deep Discharge

Iyo amabateri asohoka cane, ibikorwa bitandukanye vy’imiti bituma haba ivyago bihoraho bivanye n’ubuhinga bwa shimi bwa bateri.

Mu burongozi bw’amabateri y’imbere, uburyo bwo gusohoka buhindura dioxide y’amabuye y’agaciro n’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma mu bihimba vy’umubiri biciye mu nzira z’ivyuma. Mu gihe c’ugusohoka mu buryo busanzwe, izo nyama z’amazi zitwa sulfate ziguma ari ntoyi kandi bitagoranye zisubira inyuma mu gihe co gusubiramwo. Ariko rero, gusohoka mu buryo bwimbitse bituma umuntu arundanya cane sulfate.

Ivyo bihimba vy’umubiri vy’isulfate birakomeye kandi bikakura cane biciye mu nzira yitwa sulfate. Igihe amakirisitayo amaze gushika ku rugero runaka, aca agira ubukomezi maze akanka gusubira inyuma ngo ahindure ibintu bikora mu gihe ariko arasubiramwo. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Midtronics bwerekana ko bateri 12{3}} igabanuka munsi ya 10,5 volt yinjira mu karere k’ugusohoka kw’amazi aho sulfate yihuta cane.

Uko bateri imara igihe kirekire yicara mu gihe c’ugusohoka cane, ni ko iyo nzira y’amazi ihoraho iguma. Mu bihe bikomeye, ibice vy’ibikoresho bikora biva ku masahani mu nzira y’ugusesa amasahani, bikaba bituma haba ama circuits magufi kandi araheza akananirwa bateri.

Amabateri ya Lithium- ni ingorane zitandukanye ariko zikomeye zingana. Iyo ivuye munsi y’urugero rwayo rw’umuriro rudatekanye (mu bisanzwe 2.5V ku rugingo), umuringa uva ku gikoresho co gukoranya umuyagankuba wa anode utangura kwinjira mu gikoresho c’umuyagankuba.

Mu gihe c’ugushaja, izo ions z’umuringa zipfutse zirashobora gusubira ku nzira y’amazi, zigatuma haba ibipande vy’ivyuma- ivyuma vy’ivyuma bikura imbere muri bateri. Icigwa cakozwe mu 2016 mu Raporo za Scientififique zasanze hariho uruja n’uruza rw’ibintu vyinshi birenze -12% vy’amahera y’imbere mu gihugu bituma habaho imirongo miremire y’imbere biciye mu buryo bwo gutera umuringa.

Ikindi, gusohoka mu buryo bwimbitse kwonona igice ca Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI), filime y’uburinzi iri kuri iyo anode. Ico gipande mu bisanzwe kirabuza gukora imiti idakenewe. Iyo iyo bateri imaze kwononekara, iyo bateri yaraduze ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’ibintu vyo mu mutima be n’ubushobozi. Amakuru ya IEEE yerekana ko amabateri yakoreshejwe mu gihe c’ingendo z’ugusohoka mu buryo bwimbitse zitakaza ubushobozi 40% kuruta ayo yagumye mu mipaka y’uko itegekanijwe.

Ivyuma bitandukanye vy’amabateri birafise ivyuma bitandukanye vy’umuriro bisobanura ko umuntu asohoka mu buryo bwimbitse:

Abarongozi- Inyama z'umukara:

Igikoresho gikomeye: 12.6-12.8V (ku bateri 12V)

50% basohotse: 12,2V .

Igitigiri kinini c'ugusohoka: 10.5V

Urugero rw'ivyago vy'agaciro: Aha hepfo 10.5V

Lithium -Ivyiyumviro:

Igikoresho gikomeye: 4.2V ku kazu

Igitigiri c'ibikorwa bisanzwe: 3.7-4.0V ku kazu

Igitigiri kinini c'ugusohoka: 3.0V ku rugingo

Ivyangombwa vy'ivyago vy'abantu: Hasi 2.5V ku kazu

Amabateri ya LiFePO4:

Igikoresho gikomeye: 3.65V ku kazu

Igitigiri c'ibikorwa bisanzwe: 3.2-3.4V ku kazu

Ifunguro ry'ugusohoka mu mutekano: 2.5V ku kazu

Urugero rw'itariki: Aha hepfo 2.0V ku rugingo

Iyo umuriro w’ibati ugabanutse munsi y’izo nzira, ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’ibintu buraduga cane. Ivyo bituma gusubirana bigorana cane kandi bikazana ubushuhe bwinshi mu gihe co gushaja, bigatuma ivyonona bikomera.

Isano hagati y’uburebure bw’ugusohoka n’ubuzima bw’ingendo ni bwiza-bwarindwa ariko kenshi ntatahurwa.

Igiharuro c’amabuye- Bateri ivuye kuri 50% DoD yoshobora gutanga 800 inzinguzingu imbere yo gushika ku 80% vy’ubushobozi bw’intango. Iyo bateri nyene ivuye kuri 80% DoD izotanga gusa inzinguzingu 350. Ibiharuro bisa n’ibitari vyo - ntibikwiye gutanga ingufu nyinshi ku buzima bwa bateri?

Ukuri kurarushiriza kugaragara. Naho uruziga rwose rw’ugusohoka mu buryo bwimbitse rukura inguvu nyinshi, ugusenyuka kwihuta kugabanya inguvu zose z’ubuzima. Ku bijanye n'uburongozi- Akarorero kari hejuru:

50% DoD: 800 uruziga × 50%=400 ivy'ugusohoka vyose bingana n'ivyo

80% DoD: 350 uruziga × 80%=280 ivy'ugusohoka vyose bingana n'ivyo

Ico kigereranyo c’ugusohoka ata n’umwe akuramwo 43% y’inguvu zose ku buzima bwa bateri.

Amabateri ya Lithium- yerekana ubushobozi bwo kwihangana neza. Bateri ya LiFePO4 ishobora gukora 2,000+ ku 80% DoD ugereranyije na 200-300 ku nzira y'amabuye- ku burebure bumwe. Ukwo kwihanganira cane kw’ugukuraho litiyumu gutuma ubuhinga bwa litiyumu bukunda gukoreshwa busaba ko umuntu ashobora gutwara amagare kenshi.

Deep Discharge

Gusohoka mu mugongo birimwo gukoresha 10-30% gusa vy’ubushobozi bwa bateri imbere y’uko bisubira gushaja. Ubwo buryo buragabanya cane umubabaro ku bice vy’amabati.

Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n’abahinga mu guhingura amabateri benshi bwemeza ko gutwara amagare ku rugero rutoyi ku rugero rutoyi, bituma habaho uguhungabana gutoyi. Icigwa cakozwe ku mabateri ya LiFePO4, casanze ku 50% vy’inguvu z’umuriro n’ubushuhe bwo kubika 25 degree, amabateri yagumye afise ubushobozi nka 80% mu myaka 23,8-

Gusohoka mu buryo bukomeye bitanga ubushobozi bwo gukoresha ubwo nyene ariko burakura cane. Ivyo bikoresho bikora ku bikoresho bikora mu gihe c’ingendo y’ugusohoka mu buryo bwimbitse bituma ubushobozi bwo kuzimangana bugabanuka. Ku modoka zikoresha umuyagankuba be n’ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none bishobora gutwara, uburyo bwo gusohora ibintu bitari vyiza cane bitanga agaciro keza k’igihe kirekire.

Ariko rero, ivy’aho hantu birahambaye. Uburyo bwo kubika inguvu z’izuba akenshi busaba ubushobozi bwo gusohoka mu buryo bwimbitse kugira ngo bushobore kuronka inguvu nyinshi mw’ijoro iyo izuba ritamurikira. Muri izo porogarama, ubushobozi bwo kuronka 80-90% vy’ubushobozi bwa bateri buratuma ubuzima bw’ingendo bugabanuka gatoyi.

Amabateri ya none arimwo ubuhinga bwo gucunga amabateri (BMS) bwagenewe canecane kwirinda kwononekara cane.

BMS iguma ikurikirana ibipimo vyinshi bihambaye:

Gukurikirana ibicuruzwa:BMS ikurikirana amashanyarazi y’umuntu ku giti ciwe maze igaca ikuraho umuzigo igihe ingingo iyo ari yo yose yegera umuriro wayo. Ku mabateri ya litiyumu - ni 2.5-3.0V ku nsoro. Ubuhinga burabuza ko bateri idatera imbere birenze imipaka y’umutekano naho ico gikoresho coba gikomeza kugerageza gukura amashanyarazi.

Ubu Liming:Ivyuma vy’umuriro vyiyongera vyihutisha ugutemba kw’umuriro kandi bikongera ubushuhe. BMS ibuza gusohoka kw’amazi ku rugero rutekanye bishingiye ku bushuhe bwa bateri n’ingene amafaranga yinjizwa.

Uburongozi bw'ubushuhe:Gusohoka mu buryo bukomeye bituma ubushuhe bwinshi butera imbere cane. BMS igenzura ubushuhe kandi igagabanya canke ihagarika gusohoka iyo imipaka y’ubushuhe irenze.

Gushinga intahe kw'ingingo:Mu bice vyinshi- crecle, utugingo ngengabuzima ntidusohoka mu buryo bumwe. Ata regiring, akazu kamwe gashobora gusohoka cane mu gihe abandi bagumana. BMS ituma utugingo ngengabuzima twose tugenda neza, bigatuma utugingo ngengabuzima tw’umuntu ku giti ciwe twinjira mu nzira y’umuriro uteye akaga.

Uburyolitiyumu bateri y'ivyuma vy'ivyumaikora mu buryo bujanye n’ivyo BMS mu gupima umuriro w’ingingo imbere y’uko itanguza gushaja. Iyo umuriro ugabanutse uri munsi ya 2.5V ku nzira, ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none bishira mu ngiro uburyo bwo gutanga amashanyarazi, bukoresha amashanyarazi make (mu bisanzwe 0.05C) kugira ngo umuriro utere imbere mu buryo bw’ubugwaneza kugira ngo ukoreshe neza. Ivyo bibuza ko haba amadendrite yobaye iyo hakoreshwa umuriro wuzuye wo gushaja ukoreshwa ku ntungamubiri isohotse cane.

Nk’uko bivugwa na kaminuza ya Batterry, ibikoresho vyo gushaza ata n’ivyo bikoresho vyo gukingira bizoca vyanka cane amabateri asohoka cane nk’“ibidashobora gukoreshwa,” naho nyene gukira neza bishobora gushoboka n’ibikoresho bikwiye.

Gusubira kuroranirwa bivana cane n’igihe bateri yagumye mu gihe c’ugusohoka cane be n’uburemere bw’ivyago vy’imiti.

Ku bijanye n’amabateri y’amabuye y’agaciro afatwa mu misi mikeyi inyuma y’aho asohotse, ibiharuro vy’ugukira bishika kuri 70% ku bwoko bwa AGM na 30% ku mabateri y’umwuzure. Ivyo bisaba ukwihangana:

Koresha igikoresho c'ubwenge gifise uburyo bwo gukuraho

Gukoresha amashanyarazi make (0.1C canke make) mu masaha 24-48

Gukurikirana voltaur drive drive- bikwiye kwiyongera buhoro buhoro ku 12.6V

Iyo umuriro w’umuriro uri munsi ya 12V inyuma ya 12V inyuma y’amasaha 48, ivyago bihoraho vyabaye

Ivyo bikoresho vyihariye nka NOCO Genius birimwo ubuhinga bwo gukuraho ivyuma bikoreshwa mu gushaja kugira ngo bimeneke amabuye y’agaciro y’ibara ry’agahama. Ariko rero, iyo bateri yari yicaye cane amayinga menshi mu kiringo c’amayinga canke amezi, mu bisanzwe, mu bisanzwe bica bihinduka ibidashobora gusubira inyuma.

Lithium - gusubirana ni vyo bitera ingorane kandi bisaba ko umuntu yiyubara. Ntukigere ugerageza gusubirana amabateri ya litiyumu yari munsi ya 1.5V ku kazu mu kiringo kirenze indwi - disposal ni uburyo butekanye kuruta.

Ku mabateri ya litiyumu aherutse gusohoka (voltage hagati ya 2,0-2.5V ku rugingo):

Gukoresha 0.05C y'ugushaja gushika umuriro ushitse kuri 3.0V .

Ubushuhe bwo kugenzura buguma - reka iyo bateri ishushe

Igihe umuriro uhagaze hejuru ya 3.0V, uhindure ku nzira isanzwe yo gushaja

Kora inzira nyinshi zo gutanga/gukuraho kugira ngo usubize ubushobozi

Ubushakashatsi ku bijanye n’ugukira bateri za LiFePO4 bwerekana ko uburyo bwo gusubirana bwakoreshejwe neza bushobora gusubizaho ubushobozi bugera kuri 70% vy’ubushobozi bwo gutanga amazina, naho nyene igikorwa kitazokwigera gisubira ku vyo bateri nshasha.

Ico kibazo co gusubirana litiyumu ni uguhingura diendrite. Nimba hariho imiterere y’umuringa canke litiyumu yononekaye ivuye mu nzira y’amazi y’imbere, gukoresha umuriro wo gushaja birashobora kwagura izo menga gushika ziterera ivyuma bitandukanya maze bikazana imirongo miremire y’imbere. Ni co gituma abahinga benshi basaba ko bagerageza gukira igihe umuriro ugenda ugabanuka munsi ya 2.0V ku nzira.

Gutahura ingene amabateri ashika kure cane birafasha kuvyibuza.

Ivyaha vy'Ivyiza:Ibinyabiziga n'ibikoresho vyo muri iki gihe birakwegeranya ububasha mbere n'igihe "bizimya." Uburyo bwo gucungera umutekano, amasaha, n’ubuhinga bwo kwibuka orodinateri bituma habaho ukuvamwo. Bateri nziza yihanganiye ivyo bifungurwa, ariko igihe cagutse ata gukoresha- cane cane mu bihe vy’ubukonje- bishobora gutuma umuntu asohoka mu buryo bwimbitse. Amakuru ava mu bibanza vy’ibikorwa vy’imodoka yerekana ko imodoka zicamwo zitakoreshwa mu kiringo c’indwi 3-4 zikunda gutera imbere cane.

Uburyo bwo gushaza canke uburyo bwo gushaza amahoro:Iyo umuhinduzi w’ikinyabiziga adakora neza, bateri itegerezwa guha ubushobozi ubuhinga bwose bw’amashanyarazi ataco asubiramwo. Benshi mu bashoferi ntibaca bamenya ko iyo modoka idakora neza, babandanya gukoresha iyo modoka gushika bateri igabanutse burundu. Igerageza ryerekana ko bateri isanzwe y’imodoka ikoresha umuyagankuba w’imodoka ata n’umwe ayifasha, izosohoka cane mu minota 30-90 yo gutwara imodoka.

Ububiko Butagira Ubwiza:Amabateri yikunda - gutanga n’aho ata muzigo uhuye. Amabateri y'uburongozi - Amabateri atakaza 3-20% y'umuriro buri kwezi bivanye n'ubushuhe. Lithium - Ibateri yitanga buhoro buhoro (1-5% ku kwezi) ariko iracari isaba gushaja mu gihe c’ububiko. Amabateri yabitswe amezi 6-12 ata n’umwe ayibungabunga, akenshi agwa mu buryo bwimbitse.

Gukoresha cane hagati y'ibiharuro:Ivyo binyabiziga vy’amashanyarazi biva ku rugero rwavyo, amabateri y’izuba afasha imizigo biciye mu bihe vy’ibicu vyagutse, canke ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none bikoreshwa mu buryo bw’ubuhinga bwa none bikoreshwa ubudasiba ata gusubiramwo ivyimburwa vyose. Ico kibazo nyamukuru kiba iyo abakoresha birengagiza imburi zo hasi{1}} maze bakabandanya bakora.

Gukoresha bimwe bimwe birakeneye cane cane amabateri ashobora gukora ku makinga y’imbere.

Ububiko bw'inguvu z'izuba:Off - ubuhinga bw’izuba butegerezwa gutanga amashanyarazi mw’ijoro ryose hakoreshejwe inguvu zakoranijwe ku murango. Ivyo bisaba ubushobozi bwo gusohoka mu buryo bwimbitse. Amabanki y’amatara y’izuba akoresha uburyo bw’amabuye y’agaciro -bateri yimbitse - Amabateri y’amagare (agereranijwe na 50% DoD) canke amabateri ya LiFePO4 (agereranywa ku 80-90% DoD). Uburyo busanzwe bw’izuba bwo kubamwo bwoshobora guca ku bice 60-80% vy’ubushobozi bwa bateri mw’ijoro.

Ibikoresho vyo mu mazi:Impuzu zisaba ububasha bwo kwizigirwa bwo gutwara abantu, amatara be n’ibikoresho vyo guhanahana amakuru. Amabateri y’imbere mu mazi - y’amabateri yihanganiye inzinguzingu zisubirwamwo zisubirwamwo kubera ikoreshwa rya misi yose n’imitwaro y’ihoteri y’ijoro. Amabateri yo mu kiyaga ya AGM aratanga akamaro ko kwubaka ikidodo (nta gusesa mu biyaga bigoranye) mu gihe afata DoD 50-60%.

Ivyimburwa vy’imyidagaduro:Amabanki y’inzu ya RV amashanyarazi akoresha ibikoresho, umuco, n’ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none iyo bitahuye n’inguvu zo ku nkombe. Cokimwe n’ibikorwa vyo mu kiyaga, RVs zikeneye amabateri ashobora gusohoka cane. RV zo muri iki gihe ziriko zirarushirizaho gufata amabateri y’amabateri ya litiyumu cane cane ku bw’imbere mu gihugu cacu c’imbere{2}} gutanga n’ubuzima bw’igihe kirekire.

Ivyimburwa vy'amashanyarazi:EVs zisohoka 20-80% y’ubushobozi bwa bateri mu gihe c’ingendo zisanzwe zo gutwara. Ivyo bigereranya ibisohoka vyimbitse ugereranyije na moteri- igaragaza amabateri akoresha 2-5% gusa ku ntango. Amabateri ya EV akoresha ubuhinga bwa litiyumu-ion (mu bisanzwe NMC canke NCA) afise ubuhinga buhambaye bwa BMS kugira ngo ashobore gucunga izo nzira z’ubuzima mu gihe atuma ubuzima bugenda neza.

Uburyo bw'Inguvu z'Inyuma:Ivyumba vy’ugutanga ibikoresho vy’amashanyarazi bidashobora gukurwaho (UPS) birakingira ibikoresho bihambaye mu gihe c’uguzimya amashanyarazi. Amabateri aguma afise ubushobozi bwo gukora neza cane ariko ategerezwa gutanga ubushobozi bwavyo bwose mu gihe c’uguhomba kwaramba. Ivyuma vya UPS vy’ubudandaji bikoresha ubuhinga bwa valve{{2} =} butegekanijwe-bateri (VRLA) bwagenewe gukora rimwe na rimwe gusohoka mu buryo bwimbitse ata kunanirwa ubwo nyene.

Deep Discharge

Rimwe na rimwe, ariko si ko vyama. Ku mabateri y'imbere-bateri, iyo umuriro uguma hejuru ya 10.5V, ugukira kenshi gushoboka hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gushaja buhoro mu masaha 24{6}}48. Ibiciro vy’uguterimbere biragabanuka cane iyo bateri yicayemwo isohoka mu misi irenga mikeyi. Amabateri y’ivyuma biri munsi ya 2.5V ku ntungamubiri rimwe na rimwe arashobora gukira hakoreshejwe ubuhinga bwihariye bwo gushaja, ariko ingorane yo guhingura dendrite iratuma ivyo bitera akaga. Ivyo bikoresho vyo muri iki gihe akenshi vyanka amabateri ari munsi y’ibipimo bimwebimwe vy’umuriro nk’ingero y’umutekano.

Bivana n’ubuhinga bwa shimi. Lithium - Ibateri ntizisaba gusohoka mu buryo bwimbitse- ivyo ni inkuru y’imigani itwawe n’ubuhinga bwa kera{3}} ubuhinga bwa none. Amabateri y’uburongozi bw’amabateri y’imbere aronka inyungu mu nzinguzingu z’imbere zishika (igihe cose buri mezi 3-6) kugira ngo ntihagire ugutera imbere n’ivyuma vy’amazi, ariko gusohoka mu buryo bwimbitse biracariko biragabanya ubuzima. Ico gikorwa ciza ni ukwirinda gusohoka cane igihe cose bishoboka.

Deep {{0} =}bateri ikoresha amasahani manini n’ibikoresho bikora cane vyagenewe kwihanganira ibisohoka bisubirwamwo ku 50% canke hasi. Amabateri yo gutangura afise amasahani make kugira ngo ashobore gutanga ibiturika vyinshi ariko yononekaye bitagoranye iyo asohotse cane. Itandukaniro ry'ubwubatsi risobanura - Amabateri y'amagare akora amagare asanzwe mu gihe atangura kuzana amabateri amajana n'amajana y'ubukonje -ba amp ans ariko n'imirongo 50 y'ugusohoka mu buryo bwimbitse.

Vy'ukuri. Ubushuhe bukonje bugabanya ubushobozi bwa bateri - Bateri ku 0 F ishobora gutanga 50% gusa vy’ubushobozi bwayo bwo gupima. Ivyo bisigura ko bateri ishika kure cane mu bihe vy’ubukonje mbere n’aho yoba ikoreshwa mu buryo busanzwe. Ubushuhe bushushe bwihutisha - ibiharuro, bituma amabateri abitswe kugira ngo ashobore gusohoka cane. Ivyo bintu vyose birengeje urugero biratera ingorane zo gusohoka mu buryo bwimbitse kandi bisaba ko umuntu ahindura uburyo bwo kubibungabunga.

Gusohoka mu buryo bukomeye bigereranya kimwe mu bintu bishobora kwonona cane. Impinduka z’imiti zibaho - icumu mu burongozi bw’amabuye-bateri n’ugusenya umuringa mu ngingo z’umubiri - itugingo ngengabuzima tw’umubiri. Naho rimwe na rimwe gukira, kwirinda biciye mu gucunga neza amabateri biracari vyiza cane.

Uburyo bwo gucunga amabateri bwo muri iki gihe buratanga uburinzi bwiza cane iyo bushizwe mu ngiro neza, kugenzura umuriro, umuriro, n’ubushuhe kugira ngo ntihagire ivyonona. Igihe uhitamwo amabateri y’ibikorwa bisaba gutwara amagare y’imbere mu buryo busanzwe, guhitamwo ivy’ubuhinga bwa shimi vyagenewe iyo ntumbero (nka LiFePO4) aho kugerageza guhatira guhatira amabateri asanzwe mu - Ingabirano izotanga ibikorwa vyiza n’ubuzima buramba.

Ku bakoresha bateri iyo ari yo yose - ibikoresho, umugenzo woroshe wo gusubira gushaja vuba inyuma y'ikoreshwa-kugyorokera amatonyanga y'umuriro munsi ya 50% ku nzira y'amabuye-} canke 20% ku lithium{5}}