Utugingo ngengabuzima twa Bateri ni iki?
Igishushanyo c'ingingo
Bateri imwe, izwi kandi ko ari "cell", ni yo nzira ntoyi cane y'uburyo bwa bateri. Igizwe ahanini n’i cathode (Cathode Electrode), anode (Anode Electrode), electrolyte (Electrolyte), gutandukanya (Igikoresho), n’ikibazo (Case), nk’uko vyerekanwa ku gishushanyo 7-1.
Igipande c'umuyagankuba c'agace k'umubiri - akazu kashobora gushirwa mu migwi nk'ikintu c'ibintu vyinshi, ahanini birimwo ibice bine:
1)Ibintu vy’ibikoresho bikora bihuza canke bikuraho ions za litiyumu; utugingo ngengabuzima twa cathode ni two dutanga inkomoko ya litiyumu, mu gihe utugingo ngengabuzima tw’anode twemera ions za litiyumu.
2)Igice co gutwara (igice ca carbon gel) cakozwe n’uruvange rw’igikoresho co gutwara ibintu n’igikoresho co gukoranya ubu, n’ivyuma bifatanya bikora igikorwa co gufatanya; iyo nkuru itwara ama elegitoroni biciye ku gikoresho co gukoranya amashanyarazi n’igikoresho co kuyobora.
3)Ipome yuzuye electrolyte, ikora nk'imirongo y'ivyuma bita litiyumu - itwara mu gipande c'ivyuma.
4)Umunyakoraniro w’ibintu.
Mu gihe c’ubuhinga bw’amashanyarazi, ivyuma vy’ubuhinga bwa electrode ahanini birimwo ibikorwa 4 bikurikira:
1)Ugutwara Electron.
2) Gutwara Indwara.
3) Guhanahana amakuru ku nzira y’ubuhinga bwa electrolyte/electrode, ni ukuvuga, igikorwa c’ubuhinga bw’amashanyarazi.
4) Gukuraho ions za litiyumu mu gice gikomeye. Mu mibumbe mito mito y’urupapuro rw’amashanyarazi, ubunini bw’ibice n’ugusangira bigira ingaruka ku nzira y’ugukwiragira kw’ivyuma vy’ibara ry’agahama be n’uburebure bw’uburebure bw’ibintu vy’ubuhinga bw’umuyagankuba; ubunini n’ugusangira bigira ico bikoze ku nzira y’ugutwara kw’umuyagankuba; porosity igira ico ikoze ku rugero rw’ibintu bikora be n’uburebure bwihariye bw’ivyo bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bw’amashanyarazi. Ivyo bimenyetso vyose vy’imiterere y’ibintu vy’agaciro amaherezo biragira ico bikoze ku mikorere y’amabateri.
Uburyo bwa Cathode
Ico kibanza c’utugingo ngengabuzima gikozwe ahanini n’ibikoresho vya katode nka LiCoO, igikoresho co gutwara ibintu, ivyuma bifatanya (PVDF), n’ivyuma vy’ubu (Igipande c'aluminiyo), nk’uko vyerekanwa ku gishushanyo 7-2.
Ku mabateri ya litiyumu - ni amashanyarazi y’umuriro w’ibarabara akenshi ni igipfukisho c’aluminium kandi igikoresho co gukoranya umuriro c’anode ni .igikoni c'umuringa. Kugira ngo habeho ugushikama kw’ivyuma vy’ubu biri muri bateri, ubusuku bw’ivyo vyose butegerezwa kuba buri hejuru ya 98%. Impamvu zituma amabateri ya litiyumu{3}} akoresha urudodo rw'aluminium ku gitereko n'igipande c'umuringa ku bijanye n'anode ni amanota 3 akurikira:
1)Umugozi n’ivyuma vy’aluminium birafise ubushobozi bwo gutwara umuyagankuba bwiza, uburyo bworoshe, n’igiciro gito. Ingingo ngenderwako y’igikorwa ca litiyumu - ni igikoresho c’ubuhinga bw’amashanyarazi gihindura inguvu z’imiti mu nguvu z’umuyagankuba. Muri iyo nzira, birakenewe ko umuntu ashobora guhindura inguvu z’imiti mu nguvu z’umuyagankuba, ivyo bikaba bisaba ikintu co gutwara. Mu bikoresho bisanzwe, ivyuma birafise ubuhinga bwiza bwo gutwara umuyagankuba, kandi mu vyuma, umuringa n’ivyuma vy’amabuye y’agaciro biratanga ubushobozi bwiza cane bwo gutwara umuriro be n’igiciro gito cane mu buryo bw’igipapuro c’umuringa n’igipande c’aluminium. Mu litiyumu- uburyo bwo gukora ibintu bibiri: guzunguruka no guteranya. Ugereranije n’uguteranya, gupfukama bisaba ko amabati ya electrode akoreshwa mu gutegura bateri kugira ngo ishobore guhindura uko ingana kugira ngo ibipande vy’amashanyarazi ntibibe bimenagurika canke ngo bimeneke mu gihe c’uguzibira. Mu bikoresho vy’ivyuma, ibipande vy’umuringa n’ivyuma vy’aluminium ni vyoroshe, ibipande bikomeye vy’umuringa/aluminium birazimvye, ibipande vy’umuringa n’ivyuma vy’aluminium birahenda cane, kandi ibikoresho vy’umuringa n’ivyuma vy’aluminium ni vyinshi kw’isi yose.
2) Ivyuma vy’umuringa n’ivyuma vy’aluminium na vyo nyene birashikamye mu kirere. Aluminium ishobora gukorana n’umwuka w’ikirere mu kirere kugira ngo ikore filime y’ibara ry’agahama iri ku ruhande, ivyo bikaba bibuza ko iyo aluminium ivyifatamwo neza. Iyi filime y’umuringa/aluminium na yo nyene iratanga ingaruka zimwe zimwe zo kwikingira ku aluminium mu gipfukisho c’umuyagankuba. Umuringa ubwawo urahagaze neza mu kirere kandi mu vy’ukuri ntigira ivy’imiti mu kirere c’umye.
3)Ibateri ya litiyumu - igena ko igipande c’aluminium gikoreshwa ku gipimo ca cathode n’igipande c’umuringa c’anode, kandi ntigishobora gusubirwamwo. Ubushobozi bwa cathode ni bwinshi, kandi igipande c’umuringa gishobora gutera imbere mu buryo bworoshe, mu gihe aluminium ifise ubushobozi bwinshi bwo guhindura ibara ry’umubiri be n’iyi filime y’ibara ry’agahama ku ruhande rwayo rwo hejuru, ivyo na vyo nyene bikaba bitanga uburinzi bwiza ku aluminium yo mu mutima.
Mu gice c’amabuye y’agaciro c’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma, umuringa n’ivyuma vy’aluminium birafise ubunini busa na Li kandi bushobora gukora ibintu vy’imbere mu mubiri bifise Li nka LiAl. Li na Al ntibashobora gukora gusa igikoresho co gukoresha n’imiterere y’imiti LiAl, ariko kandi zishobora gukora Li₉Al₄,Li₃Al₃ Al₄,Li₅ Al na Li₂Al. Ivyo bice vy’ivyuma bikoresha Li nyinshi kandi bikongera imiterere n’imiterere ya Al ubwavyo, rero ntibishobora gukoreshwa nk’umuhinguzi w’amabateri ya anode - ari yo anode; mu gihe Cu agira ugusenyuka guke cane mu gihe c’ibara ry’amabati- gutanga kandi akaguma afise ugushikama kw’imiterere n’ubuhinga bw’amashanyarazi, bikaba bibereye nk’umurongo w’amashanyarazi w’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma. Ku bijanye n’impuzu y’umuringa ku 3.5V, umuriro w’ibara ry’agahama utangura kwiyongera cane kandi uduga mu buryo bw’umurongo, n’uguhinduka kw’umubiri gukomeye, ivyo bikaba vyerekana ko Cu na we atangura gusenya muri bateri; mu gihe ku bijanye n’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma. Kubera ko umubare w’ugusesa kwa Al mu rutonde rw’ubushobozi bwa lithium - ni bito cane kandi ugushikama kw’ubuhinga bw’umuyagankuba birashobora gutunganirizwa, birabereye nk’ivyuma vy’umuriro vy’amashanyarazi y’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma.
Igipande c’ibara ry’agahama kiri ku ruhande rw’umuringa/aluminium ni ivy’ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none kandi bikora ama elegitoroni; iyo igice c’umubiri gifise oxide gifise uburebure bwinshi cane, impedance ni nini; mu gihe igice ca aluminium oxide kiri ku ruhande rw’aluminium ari ikintu gikingira kandi kidashobora gukora umuyagankuba, ariko kubera ko ari gito cane, ubuhinga bwo gutwara ama elegitoroni bushikwako biciye ku ngaruka z’ugucapura; iyo igice c’ivyuma vy’ibara ry’agahama ari kinini, ubushobozi bwo gutwara umuriro bw’umuringa/aluminium ni bubi canke mbere n’ugukingira. Muri rusangi, igipande c’umuringa/aluminium gikeneye gusukurwa ku gice c’umubiri c’umubiri imbere y’uko gikoreshwa kugira ngo gikuremwo amavuta ku kuboko kumwe no ku rundi ruhande. Ubushobozi bwa cathode ni bwinshi, kandi igice c’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma (aluminium oxide) ni kinini cane, ivyo bikaba bishobora gukingira oxidation y’ivyo bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none. Ivyuma vy’umuringa/nickel n’ibindi birarekuye, bikaba bidashobora kubuza igikoresho co gukoranya ubu no gutanga ubushobozi bwiza bwa bateri. Muri ico gihe nyene, ubushobozi bwa anode bwa litiyumu- ni buke, kandi umuringa/nickel uzoshikirwa n’inyishu z’uguhinduka kw’umubiri, n’inyishu y’ivyuma/umuringa/de- ibaho ku ruhande rw’umuringa/nickel, mu gihe aluminium ifata LiAl oloying ku bushobozi bwinshi.
Igikoresho co gukoranya ubusaba ko gisukuye. Ibintu bitari vyo biri muri Al bizobatuma filime yo ku ruhande idashobora gusenyuka kandi igatuma haba ugusenyuka, mbere n’ugusambuka gukomeye cane, ugusambuka kw’ivyo bihimba vyo ku ruhande bituma habaho uguhingura LiAl alloy.
Igikoresho co gukoranya ubusaba ko gisukuye. Ibintu bitari vyo biri muri Al bizoba bituma iyo filime yo ku ruhande idashobora gusenyuka, ivyo bikaba bituma haba ugusenyuka kw’ibintu, kandi mbere n’ikibi kuruta, ugusambura amafilime yo hejuru bituma habaho uguhingura LiAl.
Ku mabateri ya litiyumu - aluminium ya cathode yagabanutse kuva kuri 16 μm gushika kuri 14μm, hanyuma ikagera kuri 12μm, ubu rero 10μm y’aluminium irasanzwe iri mu guhingura ibintu vyinshi, bimwe bikaba bikoresha 8 μm; ku gipimo c’umuringa anode, kubera ko gishobora guhinduka neza, uburemere bwaco bwagabanutse kuva ku 12 μm ya kera gushika kuri 10 μm, hanyuma bugashika kuri 8μm, kandi ubu igice kinini c’amabateri ni uburemere bw’uburemere{9}} bwakozwe hakoreshejwe 6μm, mu gihe abahinguzi bamwebamwe bariko barategura 5μm/4μm na yo nyene ishobora gukoreshwa. Kubera ko amabateri ya litiyumu - afise ibisabwa vy’ubusuku bwinshi ku gipande c’umuringa gikoreshwa, uburemere bw’ibikoresho buri ku rugero rumwe. Uko uburemere buri mu gutera imbere bugabanuka, uburemere bw’ubutaka buragabanuka bivanye n’ivyo, kandi uburemere bw’ibati buraca burushiriza gukomera, ivyo bikaba bihuye n’ugusaba amabateri ya litiyumu - ni amabateri.
Ku bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none, uretse uburemere bwavyo n’uburemere bwavyo bigira ico bikoze ku mabati ya litiyumu - ni amabateri, imiterere y’imbere y’ivyo bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none na vyo nyene biragira ingaruka zikomeye ku guhingura amabateri n’ugukora. Cane cane ku gikoresho co gukoranya amabuye y’agaciro, kubera amakosa mu gutegura ubuhinga, ibipapuro vy’umuringa biri kw’isoko ni ahanini - hashizwemwo ibintu bibiri, bibiri - vyari bikozwe, n’ubwoko bw’ibintu bibiri. Iyi nzira y’imirongo ibiri y’imirongo ibiri izotuma habaho ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’ibintu bibiri ku mpande zompi, gutyo bikabuza ubushobozi bumwe bwo kurekura ubushobozi bwa anode ku mpande zompi; muri ico gihe nyene, ukudahuza ku mpande zompi na kwo nyene kuzotuma inkomezi z’ugufatanya zidahuye z’ugupfuka kw’anode, ivyo bikaba bituma haba igipimo c’ingendo kitari gikomeye cane- gutanga ubuzima bw’ingendo y’ivyuma ku mpande zompi, ivyo na vyo bikaba bituma ubushobozi bw’ibati buhera.
Igishushanyo c’ingingo imwe ni ubuhinga nyamukuru bw’ingingo ngenderwako. Hasi hariho akarorero:
1)LiCoO (10μm): 96,0%.
2) Igikoresho co gukora (Carbon ECP): 2,0%.
3)Inyuma (PVDF 761): 2,0%.
4) Umuterezi w'ibintu (NMP): Uburemere bw'ibintu bikomeye ni nk'ibice 810:1496.
Ivyitegererezo vy'imiterere y'ikatode:
1)Igenzura ry'uburemere bw'ibintu ku 6000cP (1cP=1mPa · s) (ubushuhe 25℃).
2) Uburemere bwa NMP butegerezwa guhindurwa neza kugira ngo bushitse ku bisabwa n’uburemere.
3)Niwitwararike cane ingaruka z’ubushuhe n’ubukonje ku bijanye n’uburemere.
Ivyuma vy’ivyuma vyitwa litiyumu cobalt oxide: Igikoresho gikora neza, inkomoko y’iyon ya litiyumu, itanga isoko y’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma. Non - ikintu, uburyo butamenyerewe, ubunini bw'ibice D50 muri rusangi 6-8 μm, ibirimwo ubukonje Birengeye canke bingana na 0,2%, akenshi na kenshi, pH 10-11.
Igikoresho c'ibikoresho vy'ikatode litiyumu oxide: Non- ikintu, uburyo butamenyerewe, ubunini bw'ibice D50 muri rusangi 5-7 μm, ubukonje burimwo Uburebure bw'ibice vy'umubiri Birengeye canke bingana na 0,2%, akenshi ni nk'umugozi wa 8.
Igikoresho co gutwara: Uruzitiro{0}} ikintu, ibirimwo ubukonje<1%, particle size generally 1~5um.Superconductive carbon black with excellent conductivity is usually used, such as KetjenblackCarbon ECP and ECP600JD. lts function is to improve the conductivity of the cathode material,compensate for the electronic conductivity of the cathode active material; increase the electrolyteabsorption of the cathode sheet, expand the reaction interface, and reduce polarization.
Bikomeye (PVDF): Non- ikintu, uruzitiro-, uburemere bw’amamolekule kuva kuri 300000 gushika kuri 3000000; uburemere bw’amamoleke buragabanuka inyuma y’ugunywa amazi, ivyo bikaba bituma habaho ukudafata neza. lt iherekejwe n’ivyuma vy’ivyuma bita cobalt oxide, igikoresho co gutwara imodoka, n’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma (NMP): Amazi y’ibara ry’agahama, akoreshwa mu gusenya/gusenya PVDF be n’icarimwe iyo nkoko.
Igikoresho co gukoranya ubu (cathode tab): Igipande c’ivyuma vy’aluminium canke c’aluminium.
Anode imiterere
Igishushanyo c'umurongo w'ivyuma gifise ibikoresho vy'ibara, igikoresho co gutwara ibintu, igikoresho gikomeye (CMC), gifatanya (SBR), n'igikoresho co gukoranya ubu (igipapuro c'umuringa), nk'uko vyerekanwa ku gishushanyo 7-3.
Igishushanyo c’ingingo imwe na co nyene ni kimwe mu bikoresho nyamukuru vy’ingenzi vy’ingingo, mu bisanzwe nk’uko bikurikira:
1)Ibintu (graphite): 94,5%.
2) Igikoresho co gukora (Carbon ECP): 1,0% (Ketjenblack).
3)Inyuma (imbeho -Ubuntu, SBR): 2,25%.
4)Thicker (carboxymethyl cellulose, CMC): 2,25%.
5)Imbuga: Uburemere bw'ibintu bikomeye ni 1600:1417.5.
Ivyiyumviro vyo kwirinda:
1)Igenzura ry’uburemere bw’ibintu ku 5000-6000cP (ubushuhe 25℃).
2) Uburemere bw’amazi burakeneye guhindurwa neza kugira ngo bushike ku bisabwa n’uburemere.
3)Niwitwararike cane ingaruka z’ubushuhe n’ubukonje ku bijanye n’uburemere.
Graphite: Anode ibikoresho bikora, ikintu nyamukuru gikosora inyishu y’anode, ahanini kigabanwa mu mice ibiri ikomeye: graphite y’ibidukikije n’ivy’ubuhinga bw’abantu. Ntaco - ikintu, candujwe bitagoranye n’ibintu bitari - polar, bishizwe mu buryo bworoshe mu bintu bitagira -. si vyoroshe gufata amazi, canke vyoroshe gushwiragira mu mazi. Igishushanyo c'umubiri canduye, inyuma yo gushwiragizwa mu mazi, gikunda gufata -}. Ingano rusangi y’ibice D50 ni nk’uburebure bwa 20μm. Ivyicaro vy’ibice bitandukanye kandi ahanini bikaba bitari bisanzwe, ahanini bifise umubumbe, bifise ibara, n’ibindi.
Ibikorwa vy'umukozi:
1)Gutuma urupapuro rw'amazi rugenda rugenda neza kandi rugarurire ubuhinga bwo gutwara amazi.
2) Kwongera uburebure bw’inyishu n’igipimo c’ikoreshwa.
3) Gutanga uruvyaro rw'ibipfunsi.
4)Guhindura ubushobozi bw'amazi-} Ubushobozi bwo gutwara ibikoresho vyo gutwara ibintu kugira ngo vyongere ubushobozi bwo gukora no kugabanya polarization (bishobora kwongerwako canke kudashingiye ku gukwiragira kw'ibice vy'umubiri).
Ivyongera: Kugabanya inyishu zidashobora gusubira inyuma, wongere inkomezi zo gufatanya n’ugukomera kw’amabuye y’agaciro, no kubuza ibisigazwa vy’amazi.
Thickerner/anti- Igikoresho co gutera (CMC): Igihushane c’amamolekule, gishobora gusenyuka bitagoranye mu mazi no mu bikoresho vy’amazi.
Isopropanol: Indwara y’amaso y’intege nke; inyuma y’inyongera, birashobora kugabanya uburemere bw’umuti w’ibintu bifatanye, bigatuma habaho uguhuza hagati y’umuti w’ivyuma n’umuti w’ivyuma; ifise ingaruka zikomeye zo gusenyuka; bishoboza gutera umusaraba - guhuza n'uruja n'uruza rw'ibintu bifatanye kandi bigatuma inkomezi z'ubufatanye zigenda neza.
Ethanol: Ikintu c’intege nke; inyuma y’inyongera, birashobora kugabanya uburemere bw’umuti w’ibintu bifatanye, bigatuma habaho uguhuza hagati y’umuti w’ivyuma n’umuti w’ivyuma; ifise ingaruka zikomeye zo gusenyuka; Gutuma umurongo w’umurongo w’umurongo w’umurongo w’umurongo w’ibarabara ugenda uhinduka - guhuza n’ugufatanya no gutuma inkomezi z’ubufatanye zirushirizaho (ibikorwa vya isopropanol na ethanol ni imwe; iyo uburemere bw’umusaraba - ibintu bishobora gufatwa nk’ibituma umuntu yokwongerako).
Amazi - ishingiye ku nzitizi (SBR): Inyama y’umubiri, igikoresho co gutwara, ivyo kwongerako, n’igipande c’umuringa canke urusenga rw’umuringa vyose hamwe; molecule y’uruzitiro, ishobora gusenyuka cane mu mazi no mu bikoresho vy’amazi.
Amazi apfutse (canke amazi apfutse): Bidakomeye, vyongerwako mu rugero rukwiye, birashobora guhindura ukuntu iyo nkoko igenda neza.
Anode tab: Igipfukisho c’umuringa canke umuringa.
