Bateri ya AGVIgitabo c'Ihitamwo: Inguvu, Ubushobozi n'Ibisabwa vyo Gushaja
Mu myaka itatu iheze, twabonye imigambi myinshi ya AGV itora amabateri nabi kuruta uko ihitamwo neza. Si kubera ko abaguzi batagira ubumenyi mu vy’ubuhinga, ahubwo ni kubera ko amakete y’ivy’ubuhinga abagurisha batanga ata co amaze mu gufata ingingo nyazo. Bateri zibiri zompi zifise amazina 48V 100Ah, imwe igura incuro zitatu kuruta iyindi. Ni itandukaniro irihe? Ivyo ni vyo iyi nkuru ivuga.
Ihitamwo ry'umuriro
Uwugurisha AGV yawe avuga ko imodoka ikeneye 48V, rero ugende ugura amabateri ya 48V. Bisa n’ibigororotse. Sivyo.
Fizike y’ishimikiro mbere.
Inguvu zingana n’umuriro incuro z’ubu. Kugira ngo umuntu asohore 5000W, umurongo wa 48V ukura 104A, umurongo wa 36V ukura 139A, umurongo wa 24V ukura 208A. Amashanyarazi menshi bisigura intsinga nini, kwambara vyihuta, ubushuhe bwinshi mu bifatanya. Gukoresha 24V aho woshobora gukoresha 48V ni ugusaba ingorane mu nzira.
Ariko imigambi nyayo si iyo yoroshe gutyo. Twarakoze umugambi wo kubika ibintu bikonje umwaka uheze, mu ntango spec'd 48V LFP. Mu gihe c'igerageza, ubudahangarwa bwo mu mutima bwarateye imbere mu bihe vy'ubukonje, uburinzi bwo gushaja bwaguma butera. Ihindurwa ikaba 36V. Ntibikora neza cane ku mpapuro, ariko ni ivyo kwizigirwa. Mu bidukikije vy’ibikonje, ukwizigirwa kurarusha ubushobozi igihe cose.
Amategeko yanje yo guhitamwo umuriro:
24V
24V ikora ku mizigo iri munsi ya 500kg, munsi y’ubushobozi bwa 2kW, ingengo y’imari ikomeye. Nta gufyina ntidusubira gusaba 24V kiretse aba clients babisavye vyihariye.
48V
48V ipfuka ama AGV menshi yo mu bubiko. Ifata imitwaro ya toni 1 gushika kuri 2.5, ibikorwa remezo vyo gushaja bikuze, uguhitamwo kwagutse kw'abaguzi. Ihitamwo ry'imbere nimba ata kintu kidasanzwe kiriko kiraba.
72V+
72V na 80V ku bikoresho bikomeye, ibikoresho vyo ku cambu, ibikoresho vyo hanze. Samsung SDI yubatse ubuhinga bwa 94V ku bikoresho vy’amashanyarazi vy’amatoni 10 bivugwa ko bihuye n’ubushobozi bwa dizeli (ivyo biva ku rubuga rwabo, jewe ubwanje sinari narabigerageje, ariko urutonde rwa Samsung muri iki kibanza ni rukomeye).
Ubushobozi: Bose barazi Formule, Nta n'umwe azi aho bokura ivyo bashiramwo
Uburyo
Ubushobozi (Ah)=Inguvu (W) × Igihe co gukora (amasaha) ÷ Inkomezi (V) ÷ Ubushobozi
Ubushobozi: 0,95 ku litiyumu, 0,85 ku aside y’amabuye y’agaciro.
Ikibazo ni umubare w'"ububasha". Abagurisha AGV baguha "typical conditions" bisobanura amagorofa agororotse, imizigo isanzwe, nta gutangura no guhagarara kenshi. Ububiko nyabwo burafise amabarabara, burengeje urugero, amasaha y’ijoro n’ibikorwa bikomeza. Inguvu nyazo zishobora gukoreshwa 50% kuruta imibare y’impapuro z’ibimenyetso.
Ico dukora: dusabe umucuruzi wa AGV inomero zitatu. Inguvu z’urugendo zidashizweko, inguvu z’uguduga zishizweko, inguvu z’isonga. Hanyuma ugereranye umubare w’ibintu bishingiye ku nzira nyazo z’umukiriya. Iyo umucuruzi ashobora gutanga umubare umwe gusa udatomoye "ububasha bwa mwayeni", ndagwiza 1,3 imbere yo kubara.
Kugira ngo tubone, JD Logistics yasohoye amakuru yerekeye ububiko bwabo bw’ubwenge bwo muri Aziya No.1. Ivyo bikoresho vyabo vy’indege vyitwa Dilang AGVs bitwara ibiro 500, bikora amasaha 6 gushika ku 9 vyuzuye ku bikoresho biva hanze, bifasha gushaja vyihuta 50A biheza mu minota 30 (isoko: inyandiko z’ubuhinga za JD Logistics). Ku 48V, 50A charger bisigura ubushobozi bwa bateri ahantu hagati ya 40Ah na 60Ah. Ivyo birabereye ku muntu atwara ibiro 500. Nimba imodoka yawe itwara ibintu vyinshi canke igenda inzira ndende, nushiremwo ubushobozi bivanye n’ivyo.
Ivy'ubuhinga bwa shimi: LFP, NMC, LTO Umwe wese afise ikibanza ciwe
Ivyuma bitatu vy’imiti yitwa litiyumu ni vyo vyiganje mw’isoko rya AGV. Ehe ivyo mfata:
LFP (ivyuma vya litiyumu)
Ihitamwo ryiza kuri 90% vy’imigambi. Ubuzima buramba bw’ingendo, umutekano mwiza, ibiciro vyagabanutse cane. CATL na BYD zikora utugingo ngengabuzima twa LFP twizigirwa dufise imirongo y’ugutanga ibifungurwa ikomeye. Keretse iyo ufise imvo yihariye yo guhitamwo ikindi kintu, default kuri LFP.
NMC (nikeli na mangane kobalti)
Inguvu nyinshi kuruta LFP, ariko ubuzima bw’ingendo bugufi n’ingorane nyinshi z’uguhunga kw’ubushuhe. Zirikana NMC gusa iyo igice cawe c’amabateri ya AGV ari gito cane ku buryo kidashobora gushika ku rugero rwa LFP ukeneye. Ku bwanje sinkunda NMC mu bidukikije vy’ububiko. Iyo thermal runaway ibaye, uratakaza ububiko bwose bufise agaciro k’ibintu, atari AGV gusa.
LTO (litiyumu)
Ikibazo kidasanzwe. Igitigiri c’inguvu ni igice ca LFP (mu vy’ukuri ni gito), ariko umuvuduko wo gushaja ni mwinshi cane (5C nta ngorane, gushaja kwuzuye mu minota 12), ubuzima bw’ingendo burarengeje urugero (15000+ inzinguzingu), ubushobozi bwo mu bihe vy’ubukonje burarengeje urugero (bukora ku 30℃). Igiciro na co nyene kirarengeje urugero. Ibintu bibiri aho LTO ifise insiguro: gukora ubudasiba 24/7 n’amadirisho yo gushaja y’iminota 10 gushika kuri 15 gusa, canke ibidukikije vy’uruzitiro rwo gukonja bifise ubushuhe bukomeye buri munsi ya -zero. Niba umugambi wawe uhuye n’ivyo bibiri, igiciro ca LTO c’imbere kirabereye.
| Ubwoko | Uburemere bw'inguvu | Inzinguzingu | Ibisobanuro |
|---|---|---|---|
| LFP | 90 kugeza kuri 160 Wh/kg | 2000 gushika 5000 | Ifata 1C charge fine, ikora gushika ku 20℃, igiciro kiringaniye. |
| NMC | 150 gushika kuri 220 Wh/kg | 1000 gushika 2000 | Urabe maso hejuru ya 1C charging, ubukonje buringaniye, igiciro kinini. |
| LTO | 50 kugeza kuri 80 Wh/kg | 15000 gushika 20000 | Ifata 5C charging, ikora ku 30℃, igiciro kinini cane. |
Igikoresho kimwe ca LFP, ubushobozi butandukanye: Uko wohitamwo
Ivyo abantu barabibaza cane. Benshi mu baguzi ntibabisigura neza kuko bashaka ko ugura vyinshi (higher margin).
Mbega ikinini cama ari ciza? Oya.
Ingorane z'ubushobozi bwinshi
Ica mbere, uburemere.Ipaki ya LFP y’ama Ah 100 ipima nk’ibiro 45, 200Ah ipima ibiro 85. Ivyo bilo 40 vy’inyongera bishobora guca mu bushobozi bwo gutwara ibintu canke bikongera inguvu zikoreshwa mu rugendo.
Ubwa kabiri, igihe co gucagura.Ku 0.5C, 100Ah ifata amasaha 2, 200Ah ifata amasaha 4.
Gatatu,iyo buri shift ikoresha gusa 30% vy’ubushobozi bwa bateri, 70% vy’izo cellule zica ziri mu rwego rwo hejuru rw’umuriro buri musi, bikaba vyihuta gukura kw’ikirangamisi.
Ingorane z'ubushobozi buto
Ibibazo vy'ubushobozi buto biragaragara: igihe gito co gukora, ingorane z'ibinyabiziga gupfa hagati -shift iyo urutonde rwo gushaja rugenda rugenda.
Ingingo yanje yo gupima
Raba ingene imodoka ikoresha inguvu hagati y’amahirwe yo gushaja, hanyuma uhitemwo ubushobozi kugira ngo ukoreshe 60% gushika kuri 70% vy’inguvu buri nzira. Si ivyimbitse bihagije kugira ngo bishire umubabaro ku ngingo, si ivyimbitse bihagije kugira ngo umuntu atakaze amahera ku bushobozi butakoreshwa.
Akarorero: AGV ishobora gucagura amasaha yose 4, ubushobozi bwo gukoresha 800W. Amasaha ane ku 800W ni 3200Wh. Ku 48V ivyo ni 67Ah. Igikoresho ca 100Ah bisigura 67% vy’ikoreshwa ku nzira. Aho ni ho hantu heza. 150Ah pack yokoresha gusa 45% ku nzira, igatakaza umutungo ku cellules zitariko ziraronka keep yazo.
DOD na Cycle Life: Ubu bumenyi buzogukiza amahera
DOD bisigura Uburebure bw’Isohoka. Ingaruka zavyo ku buzima bwa bateri ni nini kuruta uko abantu benshi babibona.
Kaminuza ya bateri (batteryuniversity.com) yasohoye amakuru y'ikigeragezo nzoyavuga ataco nshaka:
Utugingo ngengabuzima twa LFP duzunguruka ku 100% DOD dushika ku bushobozi bwa 80% hafi y’ingendo 600. Utugingo ngengabuzima nyene tugendagenda ku 40% DOD turamara inzinguzingu zirenga 3000. Bateri imwe, gutwara ikinga ry’igitutu bitanga incuro nyinshi inguvu zose zikoreshwa mu buzima bwayo kuruta gutwara ikinga ry’igitutu.
None ivyo bisobanura iki mu vy’ukuri? Ni vyiza kugura ubushobozi buhambaye gatoyi ugakoresha igice gusa cabwo kuruta kugura neza neza ivyo ukeneye ukabuvoma buri nzira. Uburyo bwa kabiri busa n’ubuzimvye imbere ariko uzosubiriza amabateri kenshi.
Ivyo dukora ubu: SOC hasi kuri 20% gushika kuri 25%, hejuru kuri 80% gushika kuri 85%, imodoka zikora muri iri dirisha. Iyo bifatanijwe n’ugushaja kw’akaryo, ubuzima bwa bateri buragwira incuro zibiri canke zitatu ugereranyije n’ugucagura/ugushaja kwuzuye.
Iciyumviro kimwe kitari co gisanzwe
Abantu benshi biyumvira ko amabateri ya litiyumu akeneye gusohoka kugira ngo "ashobore gutunganya." Ivyo ni ivyiyumviro vya nickel cadmium, bitari vyo rwose ku bijanye na litiyumu. Ivyo gusohoka bikomeye vyonona imiterere y’amashanyarazi. BMS y’ubu ikoresha uguharura kwa coulomb mu gupima SOC, ntikeneye inzinguzingu z’ubusa mu gupima.
Ingamba zo gushaja: akaryo ko gushaja canke guhindura bateri
Ubwo buryo bwompi burafise ikibanza cabwo. Nta na kimwe muri vyo "giteye imbere kuruta."
Amahirwe yo kwishura
Ikora iyo ikoreshwa rya AGV riguma munsi ya 75%. Imodoka irishura mu gihe urindiriye ibikorwa, umurongo, gushiramwo/gukurako. Iciyumviro cose gifata iminota 15 gushika ku 30. Yongerako umwanya uhagije wo gukora umusi wose. Nta muntu akenewe ngo agire ico akora. Kubera ko LFP ifasha gushaja 1C, iminota 15 yongerako ubushobozi bwa 25%, bihagije kugira ngo umuntu akore iyindi saha canke ibiri.
Guhindura bateri
Ikora iyo ikoreshwa rirenze 95% kandi imodoka zidashobora guhagarara. Imodoka yinjira muri swap station, bateri ihindurwa mu minota 2 gushika kuri 5, ubwo nyene igasubira ku kazi. Trade-off: imodoka yose ikeneye amabateri 2 gushika kuri 3, ibikoresho vy’uguhindura, abakozi bo guhindura.
Ivya DHL birabereye kwitaho. Ibibanza vyabo vyo gukwiragiza ibitabu kw’isi yose bikoresha amaroboti akorana na Locus Robotics afise amahirwe yo kwishura. Ubushobozi bwo gutoragura bwarateye imbere 50% gushika kuri 70%, ibikomere ku kazi vyagabanutse 15% (inkomoko: urubuga rwa DHL n’ivyo Logistics Viewpoints ivuga). Ivyo vyiza vy’ubushobozi ntibiva gusa ku ma robo ubwayo. Gushaja amasaha y’ukuri bishoboza amasaha 24 y’ukuri ata muntu akora. Uguzigama amafaranga y’abakozi ni vyinshi cane.
Imitego y'ibidukikije bikanye
Nimba ububiko bwawe bufise amafiriji canke amafiriji, guhitamwo amabateri bisaba kwitwararika cane.
Bateri za litiyumu zifise ingorane zibiri mu gihe c’ubukonje. Ica mbere, ubushobozi buragabanuka: ku 10℃, LFP igumya kumbure ubushobozi bwa 85%; ku 20 degrés kumbure 70%. Ubwa kabiri, uburenganzira bwo gushaja: gushaja litiyumu munsi y’ubukonje bituma litiyumu ishirwa ku anode. Ivyo ni ivyonona ubudasiba hamwe n’akaga k’umutekano. BMS nyinshi ziranka umuriro iyo ubushuhe bw'ingingo bugabanutse munsi ya degre 0 .
Inyishu ngirakamaro: ushobora gushinga ahantu ho gushaja hanze y’aho hakanye (imodoka zisohoka kugira ngo zishaje, zigasubirayo iyo zihejeje), canke ukoreshe ubuhinga bwa bateri bufise ubushuhe bubanza (ibice bishushe biri hejuru y’ubukonje imbere y’uko vyemera umuriro wo gushaja).
Niba AGVs zawe zikora igihe kirekire kiri munsi ya minus 25℃, LFP isanzwe kumbure ntizoyica. Rimbura LTO canke amabateri yihariye y’uruzitiro rwo gukonja. Utunyabugingo twa SVOLT twa LMFP tuvuga ko dukora ku bushuhe bwa degre 30 . Bamaze kwubaka ikibanza ciza mu bijanye n’ugutwara ibintu mu buryo bukonje. Ni vyiza gukora itohoza ku bijanye n’ibikorwa vy’ifiriji.
Gukoresha imibare
Imibare nyayo. AGV imwe ya 48V, ibikorwa vy’amasaha abiri- (amasaha 16 ku musi), imyaka itanu-ikoreshwa.
Uburyo bwo gukoresha aside y'amabuye y'agaciro
Bateri (2 zo guhinduranya): $4,000
Igishaja: $1,500
Amashanyarazi y'umwaka (imyaka 5):$9,000
Ukwitaho umwaka (imyaka 5):$3,000
Ivyo gusubirira (Umwaka wa 3): $4,000
Igihe co guhagarara (imyaka 5):$12,000
Imyaka itanu{0}}: yose hamwe $33,500
Uburyo bwa LFP
Bateri (imwe gusa): $12.000
Igishaja gica vuba: $3,500
Amashanyarazi y'umwaka (imyaka 5): $5,750
Ukwitaho:$0.
Ivyo gusubirira:$0.
Igihe co guhagarara (imyaka 5):$2,000
Imyaka itanu-: yose hamwe $23,250
Ivyo uzigamye: amadolari 10.250, hafi 31%
Ivyo ntibiharura mbere n’amahera yo gukuraho aside y’amabuye y’agaciro canke agaciro k’amasigarira ya litiyumu inyuma y’imyaka itanu.
Ni ryari litiyumu idafise insiguro? Ibikorwa vy'umusi umwe (munsi y'amasaha 8 ku musi), ikoreshwa rito. Igiciro gitoyi c’imbere c’aside y’amabuye y’agaciro gifata imyaka 7 gushika ku 8 kugira ngo umuntu ashobore kuyitsinda. Nimba umugambi wawe ari imyaka 3 canke 5 gusa kandi mu vy’ukuri ukora igikorwa kimwe gusa, aside y’amabuye y’agaciro yoshobora gukora neza.
BMS: Ibirenze imirongo y’uburinzi
Abantu benshi bafata BMS nk’imirongo y’uburinzi gusa. Zima bateri mu gihe c'ugushaja cane, gushaja cane-, gushaja cane-ubu, ubushuhe burengeje -. Yobu yarakoze. BMS yo muri iki gihe irakora n’ibindi vyinshi.
Igereranyo rya SOC
BMS nziza ishika ku ntumbero nziza mu gihe c’ugushiramwo canke gukurako 1% gushika kuri 3% (Inyandiko z’ubuhinga za Infineon zivuga ko zishiramwo canke zigakurako 1% ku mirongo yabo). Ni kubera iki ukutagira aho uhengamiye ari ngirakamaro? Uburyo bwawe bwo gutanga ibikorwa burashobora gutanga ibikorwa bishingiye ku giciro nyaco c’imodoka imwe imwe isigaye. Imodoka zifise amafaranga menshi-zironka ibikorwa vy’urugendo rurerure-, imodoka zifise amafaranga make-zironka urugendo rugufi canke zija ku giciro. Iyo ikosa ryo kugereranya SOC ari 10%, ivyo gutuma ibintu bigenda neza bica bidashoboka.
Gukurikirana SOH
Gukurikirana Igihugu c’Ubuzima. BMS nziza ikurikirana ubushobozi bwo gusenyuka kw’imirongo y’ugusenyuka kwa bateri yose, igabisha amezi imbere iyo ipaki iriko irananirwa. Ivyiza kuruta kurindira imodoka ipfuye no guhangana n’igihe co guhagarara vyihutirwa.
Gucungera ubushuhe
Igihe nyaco-gukurikirana mu ntumbero nyinshi mu gice. Amabara y’ibice bishushe kare, agabanura ububasha imbere y’uko ingorane zitera.
Ikigaragaro c'itumanaho
CAN bus canke RS485 ihuye n’uburyo bwo gucunga ububiko bwawe. Reka WMS ibone uko bateri imeze ku modoka yose.
Ntucike intege kuri BMS. Twarabonye abaguzi bazigama amajana make y’amadolari ku bice vya BMS vy’ingengo y’imari, hanyuma bagasanga amakosa yo gupima SOC ari manini cane ku buryo uburyo bwo gutanga amakuru butashobora gukoresha amakuru na gato. Bishobora kuba vyiza ataco bifise.
Ivyemezo: Si impapuro gusa
Ivyemezo bibiri birahambaye cane: UN38.3 na IEC 62619.
ONU38.3
Ipfuka umutekano wo gutwara. Igerageza kwigana uburebure bw'ikirere, ubushuhe buhinduka, ukunyiganyiga, uguhungabana, umurongo mugufi, gushaja birenze urugero, gusohoka ku nguvu. Bisabwa ku bateri yose ya litiyumu ijabutse imipaka. Oya UN38.3, amashirahamwe y’ivy’ubuhinga ntazoyikorako.
IEC 62619
Ipfuka inganda litiyumu bateri gukoresha umutekano. Ibintu vyo gupima birahurirana na UN38.3 ariko vyibanda cane ku bikorwa: kwinjira mu misumari, gupima amatonyanga, kugenzura ibikorwa vya BMS. IEC 62619 ni yo ishingiro ry’ubuhinga ryo gushiramwo ikimenyetso ca CE mu Buraya, icemezo ca AS/NZS muri Australiya, kwemezwa na PSE mu Buyapani.
Ingingo ihambaye: ivyemezo bikoreshwa ku bigereranyo vy’ibintu vyihariye, ntibikoreshwa ku bahinga. Hari abahinguzi bemeza umuderi umwe hanyuma bagatera ico cete ku kintu cose bagurisha. Igihe ugura, suzuma ko inomero y’ikigereranyo c’icete ihuye neza n’ico uriko uragura. Ivyemezo bidahuye nta co bimaze.
Ivyiyumviro vy'abaguzi
Bikeyi twavyifashemwo:
Mu bacuruzi b’Abashinwa, BYD ni yo ifise umugabane munini w’isoko ry’amabateri y’amashanyarazi y’ivyuma vy’amashanyarazi, bivugwa ko ari hafi 60% mu Bushinwa. Bateri zabo z’amababa ziza zifise garanti y’imyaka 10. CATL na Hangcha bashinze ishirahamwe ryitwa Pengcheng New Energy ry’amabateri y’ibikoresho vy’ugutwara ibintu n’ivy’ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none. Niba usanzwe ukoresha imodoka za Hangcha, uwo muhora woshobora kuba uryoshe.
Mu bacuruzi bo mu Burengero, urutonde rwa EnerSys NexSys ni rwo rukomeye. Uburyo bwabo bwo gushaja ata nsinga bwa NexSys AIR bufasha aside y’amabuye y’agaciro, TPPL, na litiyumu ku bikorwa remezo bimwe. Ni ngirakamaro nimba ubwato bwawe buriko burahinduka buva kuri aside y’amabuye y’agaciro bukaja kuri litiyumu kandi ushaka kurinda ishoramari ryawe ry’ibikoresho vyo gushaja.
Ibibazo vyo kwibaza igihe usuzuma abaguzi:
Ni uwuhe muhinguzi w'ingingo, ni uruhe rugero (A-urugero canke B-urugero)? Boba bashobora gutanga amakuru y’igerageza ry’ubuzima bw’ingendo ku mapaki, atari ingingo z’umubiri gusa? Mbega ubushobozi bwo gupfuka garanti burazimangana canke burananirwa gusa? None bafata gute ivyerekeye garanti (kwohereza amabateri ku mahanga birazimvye kandi biragenda buhoro)?
Ivyiyumviro vyanyuma
Guhitamwo bateri si ingingo yo kugura rimwe -. Ivyo uhisemwo uno musi nivyo bigena igiciro c’ibikorwa n’ingene bizogenda bigoranye mu myaka 5 gushika ku 10 izoza. Ntukarabe gusa igiciro c’intango c’ugugura. Harura imyaka itanu-TCO imbere yo gufata ingingo.
Niba ufise umugambi wihariye mu bikorwa kandi ukeneye kwemeza ivyerekeye bateri yawe, wohereze ku mirongo y'ibikorwa, urutonde rw'ingengo y'imari, ibisabwa bidasanzwe (ububiko bukonje, ikimenyamenya c'uguturika-, ibipimo bidasanzwe). Twaramaze gukandagira kuri zimwe muri izo mine mbere kandi turashobora kugufasha kuzirinda.
