Ibikoresho vy’Impinduka ni ibiki?

Ibikoresho vyo guhindura impapuro (PCMs) ni ibintu bifata kandi bikarekura inguvu nyinshi z’ubushuhe mu gihe c’uguhinduka kw’inzira, cane cane hagati y’ibihe bikomeye n’ivy’amazi. Ivyo bikoresho birabika ubushuhe nk’inguvu zihishije aho gusa kuvyura ubushuhe, bikaba bituma bishobora kuguma bifise ubushuhe buhoraho mu gihe umuntu abika canke asohora inguvu nyinshi.

Uko Ibikoresho vy'Impinduka bikora

Uburyo buri inyuma ya PCM bushingiye ku kubika ubushuhe bwihishije. Iyo ushushe urubura, ifata inguvu kugira ngo ihinduke kuva ku nzira ikomeye gushika ku mazi ku rugero rwa 0 ata bushuhe buduga- iyo ni ingingo ngenderwako y’ihinduka ry’inzira PCMs zikoresha uburyo bwo gucunga ubushuhe.

Mu gihe c’ihinduka ry’inzira, PCMs zifata inguvu z’ubushuhe (uburyo bwo gutera imbere) iyo zishonze kandi zikarureho (uburyo bwo gukora) iyo zikomeje. Inguvu zibikwa ku kintu cose zirenga kure cane z’ibikoresho bisanzwe. Nk’akarorero, amazi asaba 333.55 J/g kugira ngo ashonge, ariko 4.18 J/g gusa kugira ngo ubushuhe bwayo butere imbere ku rugero rumwe. Iryo tandukaniro ry’incuro 80 ryerekana igituma ububiko bw’ihinduka ry’inzira bukora neza kuruta ububiko bw’ubushuhe bubereye.

Ubushuhe bw’ihinduka ry’inzira (PCT) ni co kigereranyo gihambaye. PCM zitandukanye zikora ku bipimo vy’ubushuhe vyihariye - bimwebimwe ku rugero rwa -5 ku bubiko bukonje, izindi ziri hejuru ya degre 150 ku bijanye n’imigenderanire y’inganda. Ivyo bikoresho biguma muri iki gihe c’ubushuhe bw’inzira gushika igihe cose ihinduka ry’inzira rirangize, bikaba bitanga ugushikama kw’ubushuhe.

Ubushobozi bwo gutwara abantuiratanga ingorane nyamukuru. Ama PCM yo hejuru akenshi arafise ubushobozi bwo gutwara amazi make (0.2-0.5 W/m·K ku maparafine), ivyo bikaba bituma ubushuhe bugenda bugabanuka. Kugira ngo ivyo bishoboke, abahinga bongerako ibikoresho vyo gutwara ibintu nk’ivyo bita graphite, ivyuma vy’ivyuma canke ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma. Izo PCMs zishobora gushika ku ntumbero z’ubuhinga bwo gutwara ibintu birenze 2,5 W/m·K mu gihe ziguma zifise ubushobozi bwo gukoresha ubushuhe bwinshi.

Ubwoko bw'Ibikoresho vy'Iciciro

PCM z'ibintu vy'ingenzi

Igikarabiro ca Paraffin ni co kiganza muri iki kiciro. Ivuye muri peteroli, parafin itanga ubushuhe bwo guhindura inzira kuva kuri -℃gushika ku 70 degre 70 . Bigaragaza ugushikama kw’imiti ku bihumbi vy’ugushusha -} Imiterere yo gukonjesha, imiterere idatera, n’uguhuza n’ibikoresho vyinshi vyo gukoresha.

Ibarabara ry’ubudandaji risanzwe rifise ahantu h’ugushonga hafi y’ama degre 28, 200 kJ/kg y’ubushuhe bwihishije. Ivyo bikoresho ntibikomeye cane kandi vyerekana ugutandukanya kw’inzira nkeyi. Ariko rero, paraffins zifise ingorane zibiri: ubushobozi bwo gutwara ubushuhe n’ubwoba buke, bikaba bituma bidakwiye ku bikoresho vy’ubushuhe.

Aside y’ibinure zigereranya uwundi mugwi w’ibinyabuzima. Ibikoresho nk’aside laurique (ihindura 44℃) n’aside y’igiti (69℃) birashobora gusenyuka kandi biva mu bimera canke mu bikoko. Batanga ubushuhe bwihishije buri hagati ya 150-180 kJ/kg n’ubushobozi bwiza bwo gutwara ubushuhe kuruta amaparafini. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko aside z’ibinure ziguma 95% z’ubushobozi bwazo bwo kubika ubushuhe inyuma y’ingendo 1.000 z’ubushuhe.

Polythylene glycol (PEG) itanga porogarama zisaba guhinduranya. Kubera uburemere bw'ibihimba vy'umubiri kuva kuri 400 gushika kuri 6.000, imiterere ya PEG irapfuka ubushuhe buva kuri -10 kugeza ku rugero rwa 65 . Ivyo bikoresho bifatanya neza n’ibikoresho vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma bita PCMs bidashobora gusohoka iyo amazi.

PCM zitagira ubuzima

Ivyuma vy’umunyu bitanga ubushobozi bwo gutwara ubushuhe bwinshi (0.5-0.8 W/m·K) n’ubushobozi bw’ubushuhe bwihishije kuruta ibinyabuzima. Sodium sulfate (umunyu wa Glauber), gushonga ku 32 degre , ibika 254 kJ/kg-obout 25% kuruta PCM zigereranywa.

Ingorane ya mbere ni ugukomera cane. Ivyuma vy’umunyu bishobora kuguma bifise amazi 10-15℃munsi y’aho bikonjesha kiretse iyo vyongereweko. Igikoko citwa chloride hexahydrate c’i Calcium kirerekana super 40 degre super cooling ata muvuzi. Abashakashatsi bongerako raborax canke abandi bahinga kugira ngo bashobore gutera imbere mu bushuhe bukwiye.

Ugutandukanya kw’ibiciro bibaho iyo ibihimba vy’umunyu n’amazi bitandukanye mu gihe c’ingendo zisubirwamwo, bikaba bisenyuka. Icigwa ca 2024 cakozwe na Zhang casanze kwongerako ibintu bikomeye nk’ivyo bita carboxymethyl cellulose bigabanya ugutandukanya kw’inzira mu hexahydrate y’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma.

Ivyuma vy'ivyuma bikora cane - ibikorwa vy'ubushuhe. Aluminium -silikoni (gukuraho ~577℃) na bismuth - n’ibindi bihuza bikora mu bimera vy’inguvu z’izuba. Ivyo bikoresho bitanga ubuhinga budasanzwe bwo gutwara ubushuhe (20-80 W/m·K) ariko bigura incuro 5-10 kuruta uburyo bwo gukoresha ibinyabuzima.

Ivyiyumviro vy'ubuhinga

Gufatanya PCM zibiri canke zirenga bituma habaho ibintu vy’agaciro bifise ubushobozi bwiza. Igipande c'i sodium - potassium nitrate (60:40 ratio) irafungira ku rugero rwa degre 220 - mike kuruta igice c'ubushuhe butagiramwo uburyarya- mu gihe kigumya 100 kJ/kg. Uwo muvumba w'"umunyu w'izuba" urakoreshwa cane mu guhingura amashanyarazi y'ubushuhe.

Bio- Ivyiyumviro vy'ubuhinga biriko biraseruka. Inyungu z’aside za capric na lauric zishika ku ntumbero zo gushonga hagati ya 15-25℃, ni vyiza ku bijanye no kwubaka ubushuhe. Amakuru y’isoko ry’umwaka w’2025 yerekana iterambere rya PCM rishingiye ku binyabuzima ritera imbere ku rugero rwa 20% ku mwaka uko ivyiyumviro vy’ubuzima buramba vyiyongera.

Ibikoresho Bijanye n'Inganda

Ukwubaka n'ubwubatsi

Inyubakwa zikoresha 40% vy’inguvu zose mu bihugu vyateye imbere, nk’uko bivugwa n’Igisata c’Inguvu ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Gushiramwo PCMs mu bikoresho vy’inyubako bigabanya ivyo bikoresho 15-30% biciye mu mategeko y’ubushuhe akora.

PCM{0}} uruhome rugumaho ubushuhe bwo mu nzu hagati ya 20- Icigwa cakozwe mu bijanye n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere c’i Buraya, casanze gushiramwo PCM mu nama nkuru ya gypsum vyagabanya inguvu za HVAC n’ibice 28% ku mwaka. Ivyo bikoresho bibika ubushuhe iyo ubushuhe bwo mu cumba burenze 23℃kandi akawurekura iyo ubushuhe bugabanutse munsi ya 21℃, bigatuma haba ububiko bw’ubushuhe bwo kwitunganya.

Ivyo bikoresho vyerekana ibisubizo bitangaje. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe muri kaminuza ya Shanghai bwagaragaje ko PCM{1}}Inyuma y’ubushobozi bwo kubika ubushuhe n’ibice 50% ugereranyije n’ivyo beton isanzwe. Mu bihe vy’ubushuhe, beton ya PCM ibuza ubushuhe bwo gusenyuka mu kugabanya itandukaniro ry’ubushuhe mu bice vy’imiterere y’ibintu vyinshi.

Isoko ry’isi yose ry’ubwubatsi bw’inyubako- PCMs zashitse ku madolari 420 miliyoni mu mwaka w’2024, rigereranya 35% vy’isoko ryose rya PCM. Iki gice gitegerezwa gukura ku 16,7% CAGR gushika mu 2030 uko amakode y’inyubako y’ivyatsi bitotahaye bigenda birakomera.

Uburongozi bw'imiti

Amabateri ya Lithium- atuma haba ubushuhe bwinshi mu gihe c’umuriro- gutanga inzinguzingu, bigatuma haba ingorane zo gucunga ubushuhe. Igitigiri c'ibikorwa vyiza vy'amabateri menshi ya litiyumu - ni 25-40℃; ubushuhe buri hejuru ya degre 50 buratuma umuntu ashobora gusenyuka mu gihe munsi ya 0℃, ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’ibintu buraduga cane.

PCM{0}} uburyo bwo gucunga ubushuhe bw’amabateri (BTMS) burebere ata n’inguvu zo hanze zikoresha. Iryo kete ry’ibati ryinjizwa muri PCM canke rikikujwe n’amajakete ya PCM. Mu gihe c’igikorwa c’inguvu nyinshi, PCM ifata ubushuhe biciye mu gushonga, ikaguma ifise ubushuhe buri munsi y’ibipimo bihambaye.

Ivyagezwe biherutse gukorwa naBateri y'icumaamapaki yerekana ubushobozi bwa PCM. Icigwa cakozwe mu 2025 caragerageje amabateri 500 ya Ah munsi y’ibiharuro vy’ugusohoka kw’ibisohoka vya 3C. Uburyo bwa PCM{5}}Ubushuhe bwagumye buri munsi ya 40.3℃n’ubushuhe butandukanye bw’ibipimo 2,8 gusa mu ngingo. Mu kugereranya, umuyaga - uburyo bwashitse ku 48℃n’itandukaniro ry’amadegre 17,2.

PCMs zihurikiye hamwe zituma ibikorwa bigenda neza. Paraffin ivanze n’ibara ryagutse (10% ku buremere) ishika ku bushobozi bwo gutwara ubushuhe bwa 2.56 W/m·K-a 10{8}} Gutera imbere ku bijanye n’inzira nziza. Ivyo bikoresho vyagabanyije ubushuhe bwo mu gipande ca bateri n'ibice 25.77% ku bipimo vya 4C mu gihe bigenzura uguhinduka kw'ubushuhe bw'ingingo mu 5℃.

Isoko ry’ibinyabiziga rikoresha umuyagankuba rituma BTMS ikora ubuhinga bushasha. Kubera ko ugurisha kwa EV kwategekanijwe gukura 18% ku mwaka gushika mu 2030, PCM- uburyo bwo gukoresha ubushuhe butanga uburyo bwo gukonjesha bukora neza, buremereye ku buryo bwo gukonjesha amazi akora. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko ubuhinga bwa PCM bwongera 3-5% gusa ku buremere bwa bateri mu gihe bikuraho amapompo n’amazi agoye.

Uburongozi bw'ubushuhe bw'amashanyarazi

High- ubushobozi bw’ubuhinga bwa none burahura n’uburemere bw’ubushuhe burenze 100 W/cm2. Uburyo bwo gukonjesha bwa kera burarwana n’imigenderanire mitoyi n’ugushika ku ntumbero y’ubushuhe. PCMs zitanga ububiko bw’ubushuhe mu gihe c’ibikoresho vy’ugukoresha.

Ivyuma bikoreshwa kuri telefone bitanga 8-12W mu gihe c'ibikorwa bikomeye. Amasanamu ya PCM (0.5-1mm yinjijwe inyuma y’ikimenyetso afata ubu bushuhe, abuza ubushuhe bwo ku ruhande kurenga 42℃-arega y’ukudatekana kw’abakoresha. PCM ishongera mu bihe vy’umuzigo munini maze igasubira inyuma mu bihe vy’ubusa.

Ivyumba vy’amakuru bigereranya ahantu hanini ho gusaba. Servers zica zihinduka imitwaro y’ubushuhe ishingiye ku vyo umuntu asaba. Uburyo bwo gukonjesha PCM bugabanya ubushuhe bw’isonga ku 15-20℃mu gihe bugabanya inguvu z’inguvu z’umuyaga n’ibice 30%. Ico kibanza kiri muri Frankfurt gishizwemwo PCM mu migero ya server, kikaronka amadolari 280.000 y’amadolari ku mwaka.

Ibikoresho vy'inyandiko n'ivy'inkengera

Ama PCMs y’impuzu y’imbere mu mpuzu zituma haba ubushuhe- Gutunganya imyambaro. Ivyuma vy’imirongo (imikorometero 2-30) birimwo parafine ifise 28-32 degrees. Iyo izo capsules zikozwe mu mpuzu, zifata ubushuhe bw’umubiri hejuru y’ubushuhe bw’uguhinduka, zigatuma umuntu agira umunezero wo gukonjesha.

Imyambaro y’imikino ishiramwo PCM igabanya ivyutsi bigera kuri 48% hakurikijwe ibipimo vya laboratwari. Iryo koraniro rishika ku bikorwa vy’ubuvuzi- PCM vests bifasha gucungera ubushuhe bw’umubiri ku barwayi bafise ingorane zo gupima ubushuhe.

Ibikoresho vy’igisirikare bikoresha impuzu za PCM ku basirikare mu bidukikije bikomeye cane. Ingabo za Amerika zagerageje amajakete ya PCM agumya ubushuhe bwiza mu masaha 4-6 mu bihe vy’imbere kuva kuri -10 kugeza ku 45 degrees ata gushusha canke gukonjesha.

Ububiko bw'inguvu z'izuba

Ivyuma vy’inguvu z’izuba (CSP) bikoresha PCMs kugira ngo bimenyekane ubushuhe. Ku masaha y’umutaga, indorerwamo zishimika ku muco w’izuba ku bushuhe bwo kubika PCM. Ubushuhe bubitswe buratuma haba umuyagankuba kugira ngo izuba rikorerwe inyuma y’izuba rirenze.

Umunyu- PCMs zikora neza kuri 200-400℃kugira ngo amashanyarazi akore. Ico kibanza ca CSP muri Espagne gikoresha amatoni 1.000 y’umuti w’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma, ukabika ubushuhe buhagije kugira ngo haboneke umuyagankuba mu masaha 7,5 inyuma y’aho izuba rirenga. Ivyo bituma idirisha ry’ibikorwa ry’igitegwa ryagura kuva ku masaha 6 gushika ku 13,5 ku musi.

Ifoto - ubuhinga bwo gupima (PV/T) bushiramwo PCMs ziri inyuma y'amatara y'izuba. Ubushobozi bw'imirongo bugabanuka 0.5% ku rugero rwa Celsius ruri hejuru ya degre 25 . Ivyuma vya PCM bifata ubushuhe burenze, bikagumya ubushuhe bw’ibipande 10-15 degrees no gutuma umuyagankuba ugenda neza n’ibice 8-12%. Ubushuhe bubitswe burashobora gusubirwamwo kugira ngo amazi ashushe akore, ivyo bikaba bituma ubuhinga bwose bukora neza gushika kuri 65% n’ibice 20% ku PV isanzwe.

Uruzitiro rw'ubukonje

Ivyo bikoresho vya PCM bigumya ubushuhe - imizigo mu gihe co gutwara. Amashirahamwe y’imiti akoresha amapaki ya PCM afise ubushuhe bwo guhindura inzira 2-8 kugira ngo arungike urucanco. Ivyo bikoresho bitanga amasaha 24-72 y’ugucungera ubushuhe ata n’imwe ishobora gukoreshwa.

Ubufatanye bwa 2024 hagati y’ubuhinga bwa Cold Chain Technologies na VPL Rx bwateye imbere ubuhinga bwa PCM bufise ubuhinga bwo kugenzura ubushuhe buhuriweko. Uwo murongo uca urucanco mu gihe c’ugutwara 40% ugereranyije n’ibarafu- ishingiye ku gukonjesha. Uburyo bwa PCM na bwo bwagabanyije uburemere bwo gutwara ibintu ku rugero rwa 35%, bugabanya ibiciro vyo gutwara abantu n’ibintu be n’ibidukikije biva mu mazi.

Ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bw’ibifungurwa birimwo amapaneli ya PCM mu binyabiziga vy’ifiriji. Ivyo bipande bifata ubushuhe mu gihe c’ugufungura urugi no guteba kw’inzira, bikabuza ubushuhe. Igerageza ry’umuriro ryerekanye ko 60% vy’uguhinduka kw’ubushuhe n’ibice 20 kw’ijana vy’amavuta y’ibitoro bigabanywa ku bice vy’ifiriji.

Ingorane n'Imirongo y'Ivy'Ubuhinga

Ubushobozi buke

Ama PCM yose y’ibinyabuzima atuma ubushuhe bugira neza - paraffin kuri 0.2 W/m·K ifata amasaha kugira ngo ishonge neza mu bice vyinshi. Uburyo butatu bwo kwongereza ubushobozi bw'izi:

Igishushanyo cagutse (EG)irema matrix y’ubuhinga. Iyo PCM yinjiye muri EG pores, ubushobozi bwo gutwara ubushuhe bw’umubiri buragwira incuro 5-15. 10% EG loading ivyura uburyo bwo gutwara abantu ku nzira kuva kuri 0,2 gushika kuri 2,5 W/m·K mu gihe uguma ufise 85% vy’ubushuhe bw’intango.

Amafu y'umubiri(aluminium, umuringa, nickel) itanga inzira zitatu - inzira zo gutanga ubushuhe. Igipfukisho c’umuringa ku mapore 5 ku inch (PIP) yongera ubushobozi bwo gutwara neza gushika kuri 8-12 W/m·K. Igishushanyo c’utugingo ngengabuzima c’utugingo ngengabuzima dufunguye gituma PCM yinjira mu gihe irema imirongo y’ivyuma igumaho kugira ngo ubushuhe bugende.

Ivyongerewekogukwiragiza biciye muri PCM. Ivyuma vy’ikarita ku bice 3% vy’uburemere bituma ubushobozi bwo gutwara abantu n’ibintu butera imbere ku rugero rwa 300-400%. Ariko rero, ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa nano biragwiza uburemere n’uguhingura ibintu bigoranye.

Gukingira neza

PCM zidafise ubuzima akenshi ziguma zifise amazi 5-20℃iri munsi y’aho zikonjesha. Ivyo bica biteba gusohora ubushuhe kandi bikagabanya ubushobozi bwo kwishura. Inyishu zirimwo:

Abakozi bajejwe gukora imibonano mpuzabitsinagutanga ibibanza vy’uguhindura ikibiriti. Adding 2-5% borax to sodium sulfate decahydrate reduces supercooling from 12℃to 2℃. Ivyo bihimba vy’umubiri bita Titanium dioxide nanoparticules bikora nk’ibikoresho vyo gutera umunyu ku 0,5-1%.

Ububabare bwo ku ruhandemu bikoresho bituma habaho uguhinduka kw’imitsi itandukanye. Ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vyerekana 65% vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma.

Gutandukanya impapuro

Izinga ry'umunyu ritandukanye mu munyu{{0}== rikaba riteye ubwoba n'amazi- Gushinga inzira inyuma y'inzinguzingu zisubirwamwo. Umunyu urashika, ugatuma haba ibihimba vy’umubiri bigabanya ubushobozi bwo gukora.

abakozi bakomeyenk’ivyo bita hydroxyyl cellulose biguma bihagarara. Ku 1-2%, izo polymere ziguma zigabanywa, zigatuma habaho igikorwa gikomeye gushika ku 1,{000+ n’imirongo 50-100 ata buvuzi.

Amazi menshiyisubiriza kubera ibihombo vy’ubuhinga bwa sttoichometrie. Kwongerako amazi arenze 5-10% ku hexahydrate chloride chloride hexahydrate bituma umuntu adakomera kwose, akaguma afise igice c’amazi corosha guvanga.

Ibibazo n'ugukomeza

PCMs z’amazi zisaba ko umuntu akurwaho kugira ngo ntihagire amazi asohoka. Uburyo butatu bwo gushiramwo amakuru buravuga kuri iki:

Microencapsilation(1{3}}1000) amakoti ya PCM mu bipande vy’ivyuma. Ivyo bipfukisho biguma ari vyo igihe nyamukuru bishonze, bikaba bituma PCM yinjira mu bikoresho vy’inyubako, ibikoresho vy’impuzu, canke ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none. Ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga birimwo melamine-formaldehyde, polyurethane canke ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma.

Macroencapsiszi uses larger containers (>1 cm). Ivyuma vy’ivyuma, ivyuma vy’ivyuma, canke ivyuma vy’ibirahuri bifata PCM kuva kuri 50 mL gushika ku litiro nyinshi. Ubu buryo burabereye ububiko bw’ubushuhe ariko burongera uburemere bw’ivyuma.

Form- PCMsgukuraho ibikoresho vyose. PCM ifatwa mu bikoresho vy’ivyatsi nk’ivyo bita graphite vyagutse, isi y’amadiyasi canke ifu y’ivyuma. Inkomezi z’amazi n’uburemere bwo ku ruhande bigumya PCM y’amazi mu mibumbe y’amazi, bikaba bibuza gusohoka mbere n’igihe bipfutse neza.

Isoko ry'Ivyiyumviro n'Ivyiza

Isoko ry'ubu

Isoko rya PCM kw’isi yose ryashitse ku madolari 1,6-3,0 miliyaridi mu 2024 bivanye n’insobanuro y’isoko. Ivyiyumviro vy’ugukura biva kuri 11,5% gushika kuri 18% CAGR, bishobora gushika ku madolari 4-10 miliyaridi mu 2032-2033.

Amerika ya ruguru irongoye amadolari 854,6 miliyoni mu kugurisha PCM mu mwaka w’2024, vyitezwe ko izokwiyongera gushika ku madolari 3,1 miliyaridi mu mwaka w’2033. Uburaya bukurikira hafi 40% vy’umugabane w’isoko kw’isi yose. Aziya-Pacific yerekana igipimo c'iterambere vyihuta cane- cadwanye n'Ubushinwa, Ubuyapani, n'Ubuhindi - aho gutera imbere mu bisagara no gukoresha inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo bituma habaho ugusaba uburyo bwo gucunga ubushuhe.

Abahinguzi b’ingenzi ni BASF, Honeywell, Ubuvuzi bwa Rubitherm, Inguvu z’Inguvu z’Impinduka, n’Ibarabara. Ivy’uguhiganwa biraguma bicitsemwo ibice; nta mukinyi n’umwe agenzura imigabane irenga 15% y’isoko. Ivyo bice vyerekana kamere yihariye y’ibikorwa vya PCM- bitandukanye bisaba uburyo butandukanye bwo guhingura n’uburyo bwo gushiramwo ibintu.

Ivy'Ibikorwa

Uburongozi bw'ubushuheigereranya isoko ritashizwemwo. PCM vestes zitunganya ubushuhe bw’umubiri ku barwayi bafise indwara y’umutima, ivyo bikaba bigira ico bikoze ku bijanye n’ugutembera. Igerageza ry’ubuvuzi ryerekana impuzu za PCM zimara igihe c’ibikorwa vyo hanze n’amasaha 3-4 mu bihe vy’icuma.

Ibikorwa vy'ikireregukoresha neza igikorwa ca PCM. Ivy’ugutetereza birahinduka ubushuhe buva kuri -150℃gushika kuri +150℃uko zizunguruka hagati y’umuco w’izuba n’igitutu. Ivyuma vya PCM bigumya ubushuhe bw’ibikoresho biri hagati ya ±5℃ata n’inguvu zikoreshwa. Ico kibanza mpuzamakungu gikoresha ibipimo vya PCM ku bijanye n’ugutunganya ubushuhe mu bice vy’igerageza.

5G ibikorwa remezogukonjesha bivuga ku bushuhe buva ku bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none vy’incuro. Iminara ntoyi y’ingingo z’umubiri zishiramwo ububasha buhambaye bwo gukoresha ubuhinga bwa none mu bibanza bikomeye. Ivyiyumviro vyo gukonjesha PCM bigabanya ibisabwa mu gutuma umuyaga ukora neza na 40-50%, kugabanya ibiciro vy’imikorere no gutuma umuntu yizigirwa mu bibanza bifise ubushobozi.

Ivy'ubuhinga bushasha

Bio- ishingiye ku bibazo vy'ubuzima buramba. Ibikoresho biva mu mavuta y’ibimera canke mu vyo kurya-Imishahara y’imizabibu irakuraho ukuvyifatamwo neza kwa peteroli no gutuma iherezo ry’ubuzima -} Ishobora gusubira gukoresha ubuzima. Bio- Umugabane w’isoko uriko urakura ku 20% ku mwaka, naho ibiciro vy’uguhingura biguma ari vyinshi 30-50% kuruta uburyo bwo gukora.

Solid- ya PCMs zikuraho ingorane zo gufata amazi. Ivyo bikoresho birahinduka ata gushonga. Polythylene glycol- ishingiye ku PCMs zikomeye zikora kuva kuri -50℃gushika kuri +175 impamyabushobozi y'ubushuhe n'ubushuhe bwa 100-150 kJ/kg. Bariko bararondera amaporogarama mu mpuzu z’ubwenge n’ibikoresho vyo kwubaka aho amazi asohoka adashobora kwihanganirwa.

Nano- PCMs zikomeza gutera imbere. Ibikorwa biherutse gukorwa n’ivyongeweko vya graphene na MXene vyerekana iterambere ry’ubushobozi bwo gutwara ubushuhe rirenga 15- Gushiramwo 2-3% gusa. Ivyo bikoresho nanomatins na vyo nyene birashoboza gutwara umuyagankuba, gufungura ubushobozi bwo gukoresha ubuhinga bwa PCM bukoresheje umuyagankuba.

Ivyemezo vy'Ivyiyumviro

Inganda ntizifise ingingo ngenderwako z’igerageza ry’ubuhinga bumwe ku bijanye n’ibikorwa vya PCM n’ugukomera. Ishirahamwe Mpuzamakungu ry’Ibikorwa vy’Inguvu ry’Ishirahamwe ry’Igihugu ry’Ivy’Inguvu ryashinzwe ku bijanye no gupima umutungo w’ubushuhe, ariko kwemera kuguma ku bushake. Guhindura ibintu vyokwihutisha iterambere ry'isoko mu gutanga ibipimo vy'ibikorwa vy'abahinguzi n'iherezo-bakoresha.

ISO iriko irategura ingingo mfatirwako ku bikoresho vy'inyubako vya PCM{0}}, vyitezwe ko bizosohoka muri 2025-2026. Izo ngingo zizokwereka ingingo ngenderwako z’ibikorwa, amategeko agenga ivy’igerageza, n’ibisabwa vyo gukingira-bihambaye cane cane bihawe ivyerekeye umutekano w’umuriro n’ama PCM y’ibinyabuzima.

Ibibazo kenshi

Ni itandukaniro irihe riri hagati y’ama PCM y’ibinyabuzima n’ayatagira ubuzima?

Ama PCM y’ibinyabuzima (paraffins, aside y’ibinure) itanga ubushobozi bwo gutwara amagare n’ugukomera cane ariko bikaba bigabanya ubushobozi bwo gutwara ubushuhe. PCMs zidafise ubuzima (zifise amazi, ivyuma) zitanga ubushobozi bwo gutwara ibintu vyinshi n’ubushuhe bwihishije ariko zishobora gutuma habaho ugutandukanya cane no gutandukanya inzira. Igiciro-, ibinyabuzima biva ku madolari 2-8/kg mu gihe abatagira ubuzima bangana amadolari 1-15/kg bivanye n’ibisabwa vy’ubusuku. Ihitamwo rivana n’ubushuhe bwo gukoresha, incuro zo gutwara amagare, n’igihe co gusubiza ubushuhe.

Ibikoresho vyo guhindura inzira bimara igihe kingana iki?

PCM longevity varies by type and operating conditions. High-quality paraffins maintain >90% y’ibikorwa inyuma y’ingendo 10.000. Ivyuma vy’umunyu mu bisanzwe bishika ku nzira 1.000-3.000 zizigirwa imbere y’uko bisaba gusubirira. Mu kwubaka ibikorwa n’ingendo 1 ku musi, ivyo bihinduka imyaka 3-27 y’ubuzima bw’ibikorwa. Ugusenyuka kubaho biciye mu gusenyuka kw’imiti, ugusenyuka kw’ibikoresho, canke amahinduka y’ibintu buhorobuhoro. Guhitamwo neza PCM n’ivy’ihuriro rya PCM biragura cane ubuzima bw’ibikorwa.

Aba PCM boba bashobora gukora mu bushuhe burengeye?

PCMs ziraboneka ku bipimo vy'ubushuhe kuva kuri -50℃gushika ku +800℃. Ibikoresho vy'ubuhinga buke bikoresha amazi- ibivanze canke ibintu vy'ibinyabuzima vy'umwihariko. High- Uburyo bwo gupima bukoresha umunyu canke icuma gishongeshejwe. Urufunguzo ni uguhuza PCM ishongerako kugira ngo uhitemwo igisabwa co gukoresha mu guhitamwo PCT mu rugero rwa 2-5 rw’ubushuhe bw’intumbero. Hariho ibikorwa bikoresha ama PCM menshi mu rutonde kugira ngo bipfuke ibipimo vy’ubushuhe bwinshi canke bitanga inyishu y’ubushuhe.

Mbega ibikoresho vyo guhindura inzira vyoba vyiza?

Umutekano uvana n’ubwoko bwa PCM n’ikoreshwa. Ivyokurya- PCMs (aside z’ibinure, glycol) ni - ubumara. Paraffins zirashobora kwaka - ibikoresho vy’umuriro canke ivy’ugushirwa mu nzira bigabanya iyo ngorane. Amazi y’umunyu muri rusangi aratekanye ariko amwe ni ibintu bitera umubabaro. Gukingira neza birabuza gusohoka no gukorana n’abandi. Ivyemezo vy’amategeko biratandukanye n’akarere; nk’akarorero, bisabwa ko umuntu yemezwa na FDA ku bijanye n’ugusaba ibifungurwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Ibintu vyinshi vy’ubudandaji birimwo amakuru y’umutekano afise amabwirizwa yo gukoresha.

Ugutera imbere kw’ibikoresho vyo guhindura inzira kuva ku bikoresho vyo mu laboratwari gushika ku mirongo y’ubuhinga bwo gucunga ubushuhe bishobora gucuruza, vyerekana ko umuntu ashobora kumenya cane inyungu zo kugenzura ubushuhe. Ugushiramwo PCM kubandanya kwaguka mu nganda aho ugushikama kw’ubushuhe n’ubushobozi bw’inguvu ari vyo bishira imbere. Naho ingorane nk’igiciro n’ugukomera bisaba ko umuntu yitwararika cane, fizike y’ishimikiro y’ububiko bw’ubushuhe bwihishije, ituma PCM ziguma zihambaye uko uburyo bwo gukoresha inguvu bugenda buratera imbere. Iryo koraniro ritanga agaciro gakomeye cane mu bikorwa aho uburyo busanzwe bukora butabereye kubera uburemere, ububasha, canke inzitizi z’ukwizigirwa- gutuma PCMs zitari uburyo bwo gukonjesha gusa, ariko kenshi na kenshi ni co kintu conyene gishobora gukoreshwa ku ngorane zimwe zimwe zo gucunga ubushuhe.