Ubushobozi bwihariye ni iki?

Inguvu zihariye zipima ingene igikoresho gitanga ububasha ku gice c’uburemere, giharurwa mu kugabanya ubushobozi bwose (mu watts) n’uburemere bwose (mu bilograms). Abahinga barakoresha iyo nzira kugira ngo bagereranye ibikorwa mu bikoresho bitandukanye, cane cane iyo uburemere bw’ubuhinga bwo gukora neza.

Iryo formule riragororotse: Inguvu zidasanzwe (W/kg)=Igisohoka c'ububasha (W) ÷ Umurongo (kg). Igikoresho gikora 500 watts mu gihe gupima ibiro 2 gifise ububasha bwihariye bwa 250 W/kg. Iyi nomero imwe ihishura vyinshi ku bijanye n'ibikorwa vy'ukuri ku bijanye n'ibikorwa vy'isi kuruta isohoka ry'ububasha ryonyene.

Amabateri abiri yoshobora gutanga amawatt 1000, ariko akamaro kavyo gatandukanye cane bishingiye ku buremere. Bateri yoroshe itanga ububasha bwihariye, bikaba bishobora gutuma habaho ibikorwa aho inzitizi z’uburemere zitegeka amahitamwo y’imiterere.

Abahinga mu vy’indege barashira imbere ububasha bwihariye kubera ko ikilo cose gigira ico gikoze ku gukoresha amavuta n’ubushobozi bwo gutwara. Uburyo bwa bateri bufise ububasha bwihariye bwa 300 W/kg butuma indege zikoreshwa n’umuyagankuba zitwara abagenzi benshi canke kwagura urugendo rw’indege ugereranyije n’uburyo bwo gukoresha 150 W/kg ku buremere bumwe.

Ibinyabiziga vy’amashanyarazi bihura n’ubudandaji busa n’ubwo - Inguvu nyinshi zihariye zihindura ukwihuta kwihuta ataco zishizemwo uburemere bw’imodoka. Amabateri ya litiyumu y’ubu litiyumu - yerekana ububasha bwihariye burenze 3500 W/kg mu bihe vy’ugusohoka, bikaba bishoboza ibikorwa bihanganye n’amamoteri y’umuriro.

Ico kigereranyo kirahambaye cane iyo kigereranya ubuhinga butandukanye cane. Turbines zishika ku bipimo vy’ububasha bidasanzwe kuko bikora ku muvuduko munini cane. Moteri nyamukuru za Space Shuttle zakoresheje amatara y’umuriro apima nk’ibiro 320 vyatuma haba hafi 70.000 hp ku bubasha-ba- igipimo c’uburemere bwa 164 kW/kg.

Specific Power

Ikoranabuhanga ry’ubuhinga bwa none ryerekana ingene ububasha bwihariye bigira ico bikoze ku bikorwa vy’ibikorwa. Kugira ngo dutahure igituma iki gipimo gihambaye co kubika inguvu, turabanza gutomorabateri ya litiyumu: inkomoko y’inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo zibika inguvu biciye mu guhinduranya ivyuma vy’ivyuma bita litiyumu mu bikoresho bikomeye, bigaragazwa n’inguvu nyinshi, uburemere bw’inguvu, n’ubushobozi bw’inguvu ugereranyije n’ubundi bwoko bw’amabateri bushobora gusubirwamwo.

Ubushobozi bw’ububasha bwihariye ni bwo bugena ingene amabateri yihuta ashobora gutanga inguvu zibitswe. Bateri ya litiyumu - ipima ibiro 1 n’ububasha bwihariye bwa 300 W/kg bushobora gutuma habaho 300 watts. Ibikoresho bisaba ko haba amabateri yihuta akeneye amabateri afise ubushobozi bwo gukoresha ububasha bwinshi, naho ivyo vyoba bisobanura kwemera ububiko bw’inguvu zose.

Ivyiyumviro bitandukanye vy’ubuhinga bwa litiyumu- ubuhinga bwa shimi butanga ibiranga ububasha butandukanye. Bateri y’ivyuma (LFP) ishira imbere umutekano n’ubuzima buramba ku bubasha burengeye. Nickel manganese cobanese (NMC) iranganya uburemere bw’inguvu n’ugutanga inguvu. Iterambere ry’ubuhinga bwa none ry’ubuhinga bwa silikoni rishika ku rugero rw’ugusohoka rwa 10C mu gihe buguma bufise uburemere bwa 400 Wh/kg, bikaba bitanga ubushobozi bwo gukora neza nk’ibice 200 kw’ijana kuruta utugingo ngengabuzima twa kera.

Ubushuhe buragira ico bukoze ku bubasha bwihariye. Ubushuhe bw’amazi bugira ingaruka ku bushobozi bwo gutanga amashanyarazi, ubushuhe buri hasi bugabanya ubushobozi buriho, kandi inguvu zose zitangwa n’inzira imwe y’umuriro irahinduka bivanye n’ubushuhe n’ubushobozi bwo gukoresha. Ibikorwa vy’ikirere bikomeye bisaba uburyo bwo gucunga amabateri bushobora kuba imbere y’aho - kugira ngo bubeho ingero z’inguvu zihariye.

Ivyo bipimo bibiri bipima ibiranga amabateri atandukanye cane. Inguvu zidasanzwe (Wh/kg) zigaragaza ubushobozi bwo kubika inguvu zose ku buremere bw’ibintu, mu gihe amashanyarazi yihariye (W/kg) yerekana igipimo c’inguvu z’inguvu zihita.

Iyumvire inguvu zidasanzwe nk’ubunini bw’itangi ry’amazi n’ububasha bwihariye nk’umurongo w’umuyoboro w’amazi. Bateri ishobora kubika gusa igikoresho gihagije kugira ngo ikoreshe umunota umwe mu gihe utanga amapine 100 iyo bikenewe, canke akabika inguvu zihagije kugira ngo ikoreshe umuyagankuba umwe mu kiringo c’isaha imwe gusa mu gihe co gutanga amprene 1 gusa.

Ubu ubuhinga bwa litiyumu - ubuhinga bw’ibinyabiziga bikoresha umuyagankuba bwashitse ku mibare y’uburemere bw’inguvu zigera kuri 250 Wh/kg n’uburemere bw’inguvu zigera kuri 400 W/L. Ivyo biharuro bigereranya imice itandukanye y’ibikorwa ikunda gukora neza icarimwe. Abahinguzi b'ibikoresho vy'ubuhinga bwa none baragendana ubudandaji{{5}babaze hagati y'ivyo bibiri bishingiye ku bisabwa vyo gukoresha.

Ivyo bikoresho vyo gutoza birafasha ububasha buhambaye bwo kwihutisha vyihuta. Igihe kirekire - Gushiramwo ivy’ugutwara bishira imbere inguvu zidasanzwe ku bijanye n’ibikorwa vyagutse. Bateri za Lithium polymere zishobora gutanga umuriro mwinshi n’ugutemba kw’umuriro mutoyi, mu gihe amabateri ya litiyumu - akora neza cane ariko akabika amahera menshi ku rugero rumwe.

Isano hagati y’igipimo c’ugusohoka n’ingero zompi zituma habaho ugusobanuka kw’inyongera. Ivyiyumviro vyinshi vy’ugusohoka (ugushika ku nguvu) mu bisanzwe bigabanya inguvu zihariye kubera ko ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’umuriro bwo mu mutima butera amatonyanga y’umuriro. Uburemere bw'inguvu bugwiriye na C{2}} buratanga uburemere bw'ubushobozi, C{3}} Iratanga amashanyarazi y'inguvu nyinshi ariko uburemere buke.

Abahinga baraharura ububasha bwihariye mu buryo butandukanye bivanye n’uburyo buriko burasuzumwa. Ku moteri, iyo nzira ikoresha ubushobozi bw’isonga rigabanywa n’uburemere bwa moteri. Ku modoka zishitse, uburemere bwose bw’imodoka burasubirira uburemere bwa moteri mu gikoresho co gukurako.

Moteri ya diseli ya V8 y’umuyagankuba yitwa 250 kW mu gihe ipima ibiro 380 yerekana: 250.000 W ÷ 380 kg=658 W/kg.

Uburyo bw’amabateri busaba ko umuntu yitwararika neza ivyo kugira ngo ashiremwo. Utugingo ngengabuzima tw'umubiri - Gusana ibiharuro bitanga ivyiza vy'ivyiyumviro. Sisitemu- imibare y’ubuhinga bwa none, uburyo bwo gucunga amabateri, uburyo bwo gukonjesha, n’amazu yo kwikingira bitanga agaciro gatoyi ariko gakomeye.

Ububasha bwihariye buhoraho na bwo nyene burahambaye. Amabateri y’imbere ashika ku bushobozi burengeye 4400 W/kg ku burebure buke bw’uburebure bw’uburebure bw’uburebure. Abahinguzi kenshi basubiramwo agaciro k'isonga, ariko ibikorwa bihoraho ni vyo bigena ubushobozi bwo gukoresha.

Abahinga mu vy’amagare b’umwuga bakoresha ibipimo vy’ububasha vyihariye kugira ngo bashobore gupima ibikorwa. Igitero c’amagare kizana 400 watts mu gihe umuntu apima ibiro 80 akora 5 W/kg. Abagendera ku makinga bashobora gukomeza 6-7-7 ku bijanye n’uguduga kwagutse.

Imice itandukanye ishinga ibipimo vy’ububasha vyihariye bishingiye ku bisabwa n’imikorere. Indege y’umuyagankuba isaba ububasha budasanzwe-ba- uburemere bw’uburemere kuko indege irwana n’uburemere bw’isi. Mu kwezi kwa kigarama 2024, abahinga b'Abashinwa berekanye ko hariho 400 Wh/kg bateri y'uburemere bw'inguvu litiyumu mu gice c'indege c'i 2024 ca litiyo y'i litiyo y'i litiyo.

Ivyo binyabiziga vy’amashanyarazi birashira imbere ibikorwa biringaniye. Imodoka zikora cane zikeneye ububasha buhagije bwo gukorana n’inzira ndende no kuduga imisozi ata mabati arengeje urugero bigabanya ubushobozi. Lithium -iri mu binyabiziga bikoresha umuyagankuba bitanga ububasha bwinshi{{3}ba- igipimo c’uburemere, ubushobozi bwinshi bw’inguvu, ubushobozi bwiza cane{5}} ubuhinga bwo gutera imbere, n’ubuzima bwagutse.

Ivyuma vy’ubuhinga bwa none vyihanganira ububasha buke cane kubera ko ingorane nyinshi zigira ubukonje bwinshi kuruta mu bijanye n’ugutwara abantu n’ibintu. Bateri ya telefone ngendanwa yoshobora gutanga 150-200 W/kg, ihagije ku bisabwa ku gikoresho ataco ikora ku bijanye n’uburemere bw’inguvu nyinshi.

Ibikoresho vy’amashanyarazi bigereranya ubutaka bwo hagati. Imyimenyerezo itagira agasembwa ikeneye ububasha bwinshi bwo gucukura biciye mu bikoresho vyinshi ariko igakoresha mu buryo buringaniye, igatuma bateri zisubirana hagati y’ibikoresho vy’amashanyarazi vyinshi. Ivyo bikoresho akenshi bikoresha ubuhinga bwa bateri bikoreshwa mu kubika inguvu.

Grid- Ububiko bw'inguvu bukora bunyuranye n'ibikorwa vy'ugutwara. Ivyiyumviro vy’ubuhinga bwa litiyumu - uburyo bwa bateri hakoreshejwe ubuhinga bwa NMC na LFP bwibanda ku giciro ku kilowatt -horbikwa aho kwifuza ububasha bwihariye, kuko uburemere bwo gushiramwo bugira ingaruka nke ku mikorere.

Specific Power

Gutera imbere ububasha bwihariye ata bindi bimenyetso vy’amabateri biguma ari ingorane nyamukuru mu vy’ubuhinga bw’amashanyarazi. Amabateri y’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma biri munsi ya 200 Wh/kg, mu gihe amabateri ya lithium litiyumu- ari hagati ya 200 gushika kuri 300 Wh/kg.

Abashakashatsi barakurikirana inzira nyinshi kugira ngo bashobore kwongereza ububasha bwihariye. Ivyo bihimba vy’umubiri bishobora gufatanya n’ibindi bihimba vy’umubiri kuruta graphite isanzwe, bikaba bishobora kwongereza inguvu n’uburemere bw’inguvu. Ariko rero, silikoni iragwira mu gihe co gushaja, igatuma haba umubabaro w’ubuhinga utuma ubuzima bw’ingendo buhungabana.

Amabateri ya litiyumu y’igerageza yashitse ku buremere bw’inguvu z’uburemere bwa 711.3 Wh/kg n’uburemere bw’inguvu z’uburemere bwa 1653.65 Wh/L hakoreshejwe lithium - manganese ishingiye ku nzira n’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma. Ivyo bintu vyashitsweko mu laboratwari vyerekana imipaka y’ivyiyumviro, naho nyene ubuzima bw’ubudandaji busaba gutorera umuti umutekano n’ubushobozi bwo gukora.

Uguhangana kw’imbere mu gihugu kuragabanya ububasha bwihariye. Ivyiyumviro vy’imiti ku bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa electrode birabandanya ku rugero rw’impera, kandi ubushobozi bwo gutwara ivyuma buzibira umuyagankuba. Kugabanya ivyo bintu bishobora guhangana n’ibintu biciye mu bikoresho biteye imbere be n’ubuhinga bwo gukora neza, biratuma habaho ugutanga ubushobozi ata kwongerako uburemere.

Uburyo bwo gucunga ubushuhe bwongera uburemere bugabanya uburemere bw’uburyo bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga. Amabateri atanga ububasha buhambaye bituma haba ubushuhe butegerezwa gukurwaho kugira ngo ntihagire ivyonona. Uburyo bwo gukonjesha bugereranya umutwe udashobora gutuma habaho umusaruro w’ububasha.

Utugingo ngengabuzima tw’amavuta dufise ikibanza gishimishije mu bijanye n’ububasha bwihariye. Utugingo ngengabuzima tw’amavuta n’ingingo z’amazi ntizirimwo uburyo bwo kubika inguvu canke amavuta, zituma habaho amashanyarazi agumaho igihe cose amavuta n’amazi agenda arabandanya. Ivyo biharuro vyavyo vyihariye birimwo gusa uburemere bw’ibikoresho vyo guhindura, si amavuta y’amavuta.

Moteri z’ubuhinga zishika ku bubasha bw’ibintu vy’icubahiro naho nyene zigoye cane. Moders za peteroli zo muri iki gihe zishika kuri 1-2 kW/kg, n’amamoteri y’amasiganwa asunika hejuru. Ariko rero, uburyo bwo gukoresha amavuta bwose harimwo n’itangi ry’amavuta, umwuka, n’ugukonjesha bigabanya ububasha rusangi cane.

Ivyo bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none (Ultracacacators) biraruta ububasha bumwe bumwe ariko bikaba vyari mu nkomezi zimwe zimwe. Ubushobozi-ba- igipimo c’uburemere bw’ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none birengeye amabateri kubera ko gutwara umuriro mu ngingo ngenderwako bikoresha ama elegitoroni matoyi aho gukoresha ions, naho inguvu-ba {- igipimo c’uburemere kiri hasi. Ibikoresho bikeneye guturika mu buryo bugufi kandi bikomeye bifatanya n’amabateri n’amabateri.

Igereranyo rigira insiguro mu bikorwa bisa n’ivyo gusa. Inguvu z’umuyagankuba zihambaye cane ku bijanye n’uguhingura imodoka zikoreshwa n’umuyagankuba. Abahinga barahitamwo ubuhinga bushingiye ku kuba ububasha bw’isonga, ububasha buhoraho, inguvu zose, canke bimwe bimwe bihuriza hamwe ibisabwa mu bijanye n’ubuhinga.

Isoko ry’isi yose- Ibateri ya bateri yashitse ku 1 terwatt - hor ku mwaka mu mpera z’umwaka wa 2024, ubushobozi bwo gukora burenze kabiri uwo mubare. Uwo murongo w’ibikorwa utuma habaho ugukomeza gushora mu bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa shimi bitera amabati bisunika imipaka y’amashanyarazi yihariye.

Amabateri meza cane-iri state agereranya inzira imwe isezerana. Gusubiriza amazi n’ibikoresho bikomeye vyoshobora gutuma habaho amashanyarazi menshi n’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma. Abashakashatsi bo mu Budagi bariko barategura litiyumu - y’ukuri -bateri y’inguvu zishimikira ku buremere bw’inguvu zigera kuri 600 Wh/kg n’ibiranga umutekano vyiza, naho nyene ibipimo vy’ububasha vyihariye birindiriye ko hagira ibimenyetso.

Sodium - amabateri atanga uburyo bundi. Mu gihe ububasha bwihariye n’inguvu zikurikira inyuma ya litiyumu-io, ubwinshi bwa sodium bwoshobora gutuma habaho uburyo bwinshi bw’ingero mu bikorwa aho uburemere ari buke kuruta igiciro.

Ubuhinga bw’ibikoresho buratera imbere mu guteza imbere cathode burabandanya. Nickel - Ivyimburwa vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma bita litiyumu bitanga inguvu nyinshi cane ariko bikaba bitera ingorane zo gushikama mu maso, ivyo bikaba bituma ubushakashatsi bugabanya ibirimwo mu gihe vyongera ibirimwo nickel. Ihinduka ryose ry’ubuhinga bwa shimi rigira ico rihinduye ku buringanire bukomeye hagati y’ububasha, inguvu, umutekano n’ubuzima.

Porogaramu y’uburongozi bw’amabateri irarushirizaho gusubiza inyuma imipaka y’ibikoresho. Ivyuma bishobora gutera imbere bishobora gutera imbere mu ngingo z’umubiri imbere y’uko ububasha busaba, bikaba bituma ububasha bwihariye buboneka mu bihe bihambaye ataco buhinduye mu vy’ubuhinga bwa shimi.

Specific Power

Ubushobozi bwihariye bupima ubushobozi ku buremere (W/kg), mu gihe uburemere bw’ububasha bupima ububasha ku rugero rw’ibice (W/L canke W/m3). Ububasha bwihariye burahambaye iyo uburemere bw’uburemere buganza ubuhinga, nk’indege. Ubushobozi burahambaye igihe intambamyi z’uburemere ziganza, nk’ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none bishobora gutwara bisaba ibintu bikomeye.

Ibikoresho bitandukanye bishira imbere ibipimo bitandukanye. Inguvu zidasanzwe ni zo zigena igihe bateri ikora imbere y’uko isubiramwo. Inguvu zidasanzwe ni zo zigena ingene ishobora gutanga izo nguvu zibitswe. Imodoka ikoresha umuyagankuba irakeneye vyose: inguvu zihagije zo gukoresha n’ububasha buhagije bwo kwihutisha umuhanda munini.

Ivyiyumviro vyinshi vy’ugusohoka bigabanya ububasha bwihariye kubera ko ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’umuriro butera amatonyanga y’umuriro ku nzira y’umuriro. Bateri yashizwe ku 300 W/kg ku 1C isohoka ishobora gusa gukoresha 250 W/kg ku 3C isohoka. Ubushuhe, imyaka, n’imimerere y’ugusaba birarushiriza kugira ico bikoze kuri iyo nzira.

Ego cane, biciye mu buryo bwinshi. Kugabanya ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’umuriro bituma habaho ugutanga ubushobozi ata mpinduka nyinshi. Ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa electrode vy’ubuhinga bwa none bituma iyoni yihuta cane. Ubwubatsi bw’ingingo ngenderwako bugabanywa buragabanya ibihimba bitagira akamaro. Ariko rero, uburyo bumwe bumwe bujanye n’ubudandaji bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ubuhinga bw’ivy’ubuhinga bw’ivy’ubuhinga bw’ivy’ubuhinga bw’ivy’ubuhinga bw’ivy’ubuhinga bw’ivy’ubuhinga bw’ivy’ubuhinga.

Ububasha bwihariye bugereranya isano ry’ishimikiro hagati y’ubushobozi n’uburemere bwa sisitemu. Gutahura iyo nkuru bifasha abahinga n’abaguzi gusuzuma nimba inkomoko y’amashanyarazi igenewe gukoreshwa. Amabateri azobandanya asunika imipaka y’ububasha yihariye nk’uko umuyagankuba w’ugutwara abantu n’ibintu bisaba - umuco, uburyo bwo kubika inguvu bushobora gukoreshwa. Ico kigereranyo gikora nk’urushinge rumwe dushobora gukurikirana iterambere ry’ububiko bw’inguvu buhanganye canke burenze ubundi buryo bwa kera.