Ni igiki kirenze urugero?

Guca ibibatsi bishika iyo bateri ironka umuyagankuba urenze ubushobozi bwawo bwo gukoresha, bigatuma umuriro urenga ibipimo vy’imikorere. Ku bijanye na litiyumu -ing - ingingo zishobora guhera zikoresha ibikoresho vyinshi vy’ubuhinga bwa none mu kwimurira ions za litiyumu hagati y’ama electrode{3}}ba overation bishika iyo umuriro urenze 4.2V ku nsoro, bigatuma ubushuhe buhungabana, ugusenyuka kw’imiti, n’uguhunga ubushuhe.

Gutahura ico ari co bateri ya litiyumu ion bisaba kuraba imiterere n’ibikorwa vyayo vy’ishimikiro. Bateri ya litiyumu - ni igikoresho co kubika inguvu gishobora gusubirwamwo gitanga umuriro w’amashanyarazi mu gukora litiyumu hagati y’ama electrode abiri{2}}a cathode (ibe nziza) n’anode ({3}} biciye ku nzira y’amazi. Izo bateri ni zo ziganza ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none kubera ko zishiramwo inguvu nyinshi mu bikoresho bitobito kandi bifise uburemere bukeyi mu gihe bishigikira amajana y’ingendo zo gusubiramwo.

Ibice vy’ishimikiro bikorana mu gutamba neza. Ivyo bihimba vy’umubiri bifise umwuka w’ivyuma nk’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma canke ivy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma. Iryo anode rigizwe n’ibice vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma. Igipande c’ugutandukanya kirabuza gukorana neza hagati y’ama electrodes mu gihe kireka iyon. Igipande c'umuyagankuba{4}} kenshi na kenshi umunyu wa litiyumu ushizwe mu bikoresho vy'ibinyabuzima- Gukora ions ariko si ama electrons.

Mu gihe c’ugusohoka, ions za litiyumu ziva ku anode biciye ku nzira y’umuyagankuba gushika ku nzira y’umuyagankuba, mu gihe ama elegitoroni agendagenda mu nzira y’inyuma akoresha igikoresho cawe. Guhindura ibintu bihindura iyo nzira: ubushobozi bwo hanze butera ions zisubira ku anode kugira ngo zibike. Ivyo bishobora gutuma ibihumbi vy’amahera y’amahera ashika ku bihumbi.

Iyi nzira nziza isigura igituma ubuhinga bwa litiyumu - ubuhinga buha ubushobozi vyose kuva ku matelefone ngendanwa gushika ku modoka zikoresha umuyagankuba. Uburemere bw’umuco w’umuco wa litiyumu utanga inguvu nyinshi cane - mu buryo busanzwe 150-250 Wh/kg ugereranyije na 30-50 Wh/kg ku mabati y’aside. Igitero c’umuriro ca 3.6-3.7V ku nsoro gisobanura ko utugingo ngengabuzima dukeyi dukenewe ku bijanye n’umuriro, bikagabanya uburemere n’uburemere.

Ariko rero, iyo nzira nyene ituma amabateri ya litiyumu - akomeye cane na yo nyene atuma zishobora gushikirwa n’ibintu birenze urugero.

Lithium- ubushobozi bwo gukoresha ibikoresho vyinshi vy’ubuhinga bwa none biciye mu nzira zishobora guhindurwa zihindura ions za litiyumu hagati y’ama electrode. Iyo bateri ifata mu buryo busanzwe, iyoni ya litiyumu iva ku katode ija ku nzira y’amazi maze ikayishiramwo mu buryo bwa graphite. Ivyo bikoresho bibika inguvu ata nkomanzi mu mipaka y’umuriro yateguwe.

Mu gihe c’ugushavura cane, uburyo bwinshi bwo gusenyura burakora. Iduga ry’umuriro rirenga 4.2V rituma litiyumu litiyumu - Ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma ku ruhande rw’ibara ry’ibara aho gutera imbere neza muri graphite. Ivyo bipande bituma habaho imiterere y’urushinge rw’urushinge rwitwa fendrites zishobora gutobora uruzitiro rw’ibintu bitandukanye hagati y’ama electrode, bigatuma habaho imirongo ngufi y’imbere.

Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu mwaka w’2024 bwerekana ko gutera imbere cane iyo ubushuhe bugabanutse. Ku -10℃, ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’ibintu buragwira cane, bigatuma imipaka y’umuriro yoroha kurengana mbere n’igihe c’ugushaja. Icigwa kimwe canditse amabateri ya 0.2C na 1C ku bushuhe buke, abona ko gushavura cane kwatumye habaho ugusenyuka kw’imbere n’ivyuma vy’ubuhinga bwa none vy’ubu mu kiringo c’indwi.

Ico gitero c’i cathode kirashikirwa n’ingene caco bwite gisenyuka. Gukura litiyumu birenze urugero mu bikoresho vya katode nka litiyumu cobalt oxide bituma imiterere y’imiterere y’umubiri isenyuka, irekura umwuka w’ikirere (oxygène) wihutisha gusenyuka kw’umuyagankuba. Iryo funguro ritanga ubushuhe na gazi, bigatuma haba umukazo wo mu mutima. Iyo umukazo urenze 500 psi, ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma.

Ubushuhe buraduga cane mu gihe c’ukunanirwa cane. Ivyo bipimo vya laboratwari vyerekana ubushuhe buva ku rugero rusanzwe (25-35℃) gushika ku 780℃mu gihe c’uguhunga kw’ubushuhe. Ubushuhe buva ku bikoresho vyinshi: Gushushanya umuyagankuba uva ku nzira nyinshi, ku ruhande rw’inyuma, no guturika kw’imiyaga irekurwa.

Overcharging

Abahinga mu vy’amabateri baramenya inzira zitandukanye zo kunanirwa zishingiye ku rugero rw’ijana kw’ijana.

Intambwe ya 1 (100-120% SOC): Ubukerebutsi busanzwe buratangura. Voltage iraduga buhoro buhoro mu gihe ubu iguma igenzurwa. Uburemere bwo mu mutima buragwira uko igice ca SEI (interphase y’umuyagankuba gikomeye) gikomeye ku nzira y’amazi. Inyungu z’ubushuhe ziguma ziringaniye, mu bisanzwe 5-10℃iri hejuru y’ibarabara.

Intambwe ya 2 (120-140% SOC): Igipande ca Lithium kiraboneka. Ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’Ivyuma, ivy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’Ivyuma. Bateri ishobora kuvyimba gatoyi uko umukazo wo mu mutima wubaka. Ingero z’ubushobozi muri iyo ntambwe zigaragaza 10-15% vy’ugutakaza 10-15%.

Intambwe ya 3 (140-160% SOC): Ukukura kw’intangamarara kwihuta. Uruhure - imibumbe ya litiyumu irazibira ikinogo kiri hagati y’ama electrode. Micro - ivyuka, bituma haba ugushushanya. Ivyo gukora amagare biragwira cane kuva ku guhinduka kw’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma n’ugubora kwa cathode. Igikoko c’umuriro kiraba ububisha.

Stage 4 (>160% SOC): Inkuka y’ubushuhe iratangura. Ubushuhe bwo mu mutima burenga 130 degre , bigatuma habaho ugushonga kw’ugutandukanya. Umuzunguruko w’imbere mu gihugu ushitse, urekura inguvu zibitswe vuba. Mu masegonda makeyi, ubushuhe burashobora gusimbuka ku rugero rw’amajana menshi. Ico gipfukisho kiraca, kigakura imyuka ishaje kandi kikaba gishobora gutera.

Ukwo gutera imbere gutandukanye n’ubuhinga bwa shimi. Bateri y’icuma y’ivyuma (LiFePO4) yihanganiye gutera imbere neza kuruta imibumbe y’ivyuma vy’ibara ry’agahama kubera imibumbe ya cathode idahinduka. Ariko rero, litiyumu yose - Indwara y’imiti irahura n’ivyago iyo irengeje urugero.

Bateri ya litiyumu - idafise umurongo w’uburinzi ituma haba ingorane zikomeye. Uburyo bwo gucunga neza ububiko (BMS) ni bwo bufasha mu kwikingira birenze urugero biciye mu kugenzura no gufasha.

BMS ikurikirana ibipimo bitatu bihambaye mu gihe nyaco- igihe: umuriro w’ingingo (ugereranijwe n’imiliveri), uruja n’uruza rw’amashanyarazi (mu bipimo), n’ubushuhe (mu bisanzwe ku bice vyinshi ku nzira y’ibati). Ivyo bikoresho vyo muri iki gihe vyagereranya ivyo bipimo incuro amajana ku segonda, bigereranya ibisomwa n’ibipimo vy’umutekano vyategekanijwe.

Igihe ingingo iyo ari yo yose yegera 4.2V- Igishushanyo c'agaciro kanini ku litiyumu- Utugingo ngengabuzima tw'amaraso- BMS igabanya umuriro w'umuriro ubwayo. Iyi tangering iragura igihe co gushaja ariko ibuza umuriro mwinshi cane. Iyo voltage iguma itera imbere naho amashanyarazi agabanywa, iyo sisitemu iragabanya ugushaja burundu mu gufungura ama switch ya MOSFET mu nzira y’uruzitiro.

Gushiramwo uburinganire bw’utugingo ngengabuzima vyongera ikindi gice c’uburinzi. Utugingo ngengabuzima tw’umuntu ku giti ciwe turi muri bateri si gake tugumana ibintu bisa n’ivyo bitewe n’uguhinduka gutoyi kw’uguhingura be n’uburyo bwo gukoresha. BMS igenzura ingingo imwe imwe yigenga, igasubira gutanga igipimo kugira ngo ingingo iyo ari yo yose ntiyishire mu gihe c’inyuma. Gushiramwo uburinganire biratandukanya inguvu zirenze urugero nk’ubushuhe biciye mu bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none; uburinganire bukora birungika inguvu hagati y’ingingo kugira ngo zikore neza.

Gukurikirana ubushuhe bituma habaho amategeko agenga uburongozi bw’ubushuhe. Ivyinshi mu binogo vya litiyumu - nimwo ibikoresho vyinshi vy’ubushuhe biri hafi y’ingingo ngenderwako bishobora gushusha. Iyo ubushuhe burenze urugero rwa degre 45 mu gihe c’ugushaja, BMS iragabanya ubu canke igakoresha uburyo bwo gukonjesha. Hejuru 60 degre , gushaja birahagarara rwose kugira ngo ntihagire igihuhusi gihunga.

Ivyuma vy’ubwenge bihuza n’uburyo bwa BMS biciye ku mirongo ngenderwako y’itumanaho. Ico gikoresho gihabwa amakuru y’ukuri - amakuru y’imimerere ya bateri kandi kigahindura umuriro waco n’umuriro waco bivanye n’ivyo. Iyi nkuru zibiri - inzira ibuza ibintu aho amagenamisiyo y’ibarabara ahushanye n’ubushobozi bwa bateri.

Amakuru y'umurima kuva mu 2024-2025 yerekana neza ibipimo vya BMS vyatunganijwe neza bishika ku bipimo vy'ugutsindwa biri munsi ya 0.3%{7}} ivyo bikaba ari bike kuruta 3 ku mabateri 1.000. Ivyo bigereranya iterambere rikomeye cane mu mabateri ya kera ya litiyumu, ivyo bikaba vyashikiwe n’ibiharuro vy’ukunanirwa hafi 1 kuri miliyoni 10 igihe vyakoreshwa neza ariko ibiharuro vyinshi cane iyo uburinzi bwananiwe.

Ibimenyetso vy’umubiri biboneka iyo amabateri abonye ko ari ukurengera, naho nyene hari ivyonona biguma bitaboneka gushika igihe co gukora ibikorwa.

Gusuka ni co kimenyetso kigaragara cane. Amabateri arengeje urugero aratera imbere uko umuvuduko w’imbere w’umuriro w’imbere ugabanuka. Lithium - Utugingo ngengabuzima tw’umufuko twerekana neza, twaguka nk’ibipfukisho. Utugingo ngengabuzima tw’umubiri dushobora kwerekana ko tuvyimba cane, ariko ingero yitonze yerekana uburebure bw’umurongo.

Ubushuhe bwinshi cane mu gihe canke inyuma y’ugusaba ingorane ni ingorane. Bateri ikora neza iratanga ubushuhe bw’igishika - mu buryo busanzwe 5-9℃F hejuru y’aho ihuriye mu gihe c’ugushaja gusanzwe. Ubushuhe bugaragara cane kuruta ivyo, cane cane iyo bateri yumva ishushe gukora iminota myinshi inyuma yo gukuraho igikoresho co gucapura, yerekana ko ari ugutera imbere canke kwonona imbere.

Ugusenyuka kw’ubushobozi kugaragara buhoro buhoro. Amabateri yararengeje urugero incuro nyinshi afise amahera make uko igihe kigenda kirarenga. Igikoresho camaze amasaha 8 cari caramaze amasaha 8 kiri hagati y’aho umuntu ashobora gusaba, coshobora kugera ku masaha 5-6 inyuma y’aho gikomeje gushaja. Ivyo bikoresho vyo kugenzura amabateri birashobora gukurikirana ivyo bigabanuka mu kugereranya ubushobozi buriho ubu n’ubushobozi bwo guhingura.

Ingero z’ibintu vy’agaciro zitanga amakuru yo gupima. Ukoresheje igipimo c’umuriro, suzuma umuriro wa bateri inyuma y’amasaha menshi (ntiyica ubwo nyene umaze gushaja canke uhereye, kuko ibisomwa bizoba ari ukuri). Ivyo bisomwa vy’umuriro munini cane-bore kuri 4.2V ku rugingo rw’ingingo ngenderwako y’ubuhinga bwa litiyumu -ino- kwemeza ibibazo birenze urugero.

Leakage iraboneka mu bihe bikomeye. Isigarira ryera ry’ifu ry’ivyuma ry’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma canke amazi ava mu gipfukisho c’ibati ryerekana ko electrolyte ihunga. Ivyo ni akaga; litiyumu bateri y’amashanyarazi irimwo ibintu bitera ubumara kandi bishobora kwaka. Amabateri asigaye ntakwiye gukoreshwa.

Odors zigabisha ku bijanye n’ugusenyuka kw’imiti. Igiti c’ikibiriti- kimeze nk’umunuko w’imiti iva kuri bateri, cane cane mu gihe canke inyuma y’ugushaja, bigaragaza ko umuyagankuba uva ku gushuha cane. Uwo munuko kenshi ubanza gutsindwa cane.

Uguhuza kw’ibikorwa vyerekana ukudahuza kw’ingingo. Iyo igikoresho gipfutse ataco kivyiteze naho cerekana 30-40% gisigaye, utugingo ngengabuzima tumwetumwe two muri bateri twoshobora kwononekara mu gihe c’ugutuma umuntu agira ubushobozi bwinshi.

Overcharging

Ingamba zo kwirinda ziratandukanye n’ikoreshwa, kuva ku bikoresho bitobito vy’abaguzi gushika ku bubiko bunini bw’inguvu.

Amafoto n'ama Laptop: Ivyo bikoresho vyo muri iki gihe birimwo ubuhinga bwo gucunga amashanyarazi buteye imbere, ivyo bikaba bibuza mu buryo bw’ubuhinga vy’ukuri kwirengagizwa. Ico gikoresho co gushaja gihagarika uruja n’uruza rw’amashanyarazi ku 100%. Ariko rero, ugukomeza ibikoresho bishizwe mu bikorwa vy’ugushaja biguma bikora ibikorwa vy’ugushaja - umubare munini w’amashanyarazi asubizwa mu buryo busanzwe, bikaba bituma habaho amagare micro{4}}. Naho mu buryo bw’ubuhinga butarengerana, ivyo bituma haba ubushuhe kandi rikaba rishimika ku bateri. Imyimenyerezo y’ubuhinga ni ugukuraho ibintu igihe ukoresha neza canke gukoresha ibintu bishobora guhinduka biboneka mu bikoresho bishasha vyiga uburyo bwo gukoresha no gutevya gushaja gushika bikenewe.

Ivyimburwa vy'amashanyarazi: EVs zikoresha ubuhinga bwa BMS buteye imbere bucungera amajana y’ingingo. Izo nzira zikoresha ibice vyinshi vy’uburinzi: utugingo ngengabuzima tw’ingingo z’umubiri, uburongozi bw’ubushuhe biciye mu gukonjesha amazi, no mu gukoresha porogarama- imipaka y’inguvu. Ama EV menshi atuma ba nyen’amafaranga bashobora gushinga urugero rwo hejuru cane-80% canke 90% aho gukoresha 100%-ku musi ku musi, bafise amafaranga yose y’urugendo rurerure. Ivyo bigabanya umubabaro uva ku bihe vy’umuriro mwinshi. Gufata ku rugero ruto (Urugero rwa 1 canke Urugero rwa 2) aho gushaja DC vyihuta na vyo nyene biragabanya ingorane nyinshi mu kwemera ko ubushuhe bushobora gukoreshwa neza.

Ibikoresho vy'ububasha n'ibikoresho vy'ubuhinga: Amabateri y’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma bisaba kugenzura neza. Koresha ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa none vyagenewe cane cane ubuhinga bwa shimi bwa bateri be n’uguharura kw’ingingo. Gucagura uburinganire bituma utugingo ngengabuzima twose tugera ku ntungamubiri imwe. Ntukigere usiga ayo mabateri ku bikoresho vy’amashami bitagezweho mu bihe vy’igihe kirekire. Gubika ku 3.7-3.8V ku kazu (nk’ibice 40-50%) aho gucuruza neza bigabanya ugusenyuka kw’igihe kirekire.

Ububiko bw'inguvu zishobora gusubirwamwo: Uburyo bwo gutwara amabateri bwo mu nzu buri musi buva ku mabara y’izuba bukeneye uburinzi bukomeye bwa BMS n’imiterere y’ibikoresho vy’ivyuma. Igikoresho co kugenzura ivyuma bitegerezwa guhura n’ivyo bateri. Ku mabateri ya LiFePO4, ivyo mu bisanzwe bisigura 14.4-14.6V ku mirongo ya 12V. Porogaramu y’uguterera umuriro ugenda neza-kenshi 13.4-13.6V ku bikoresho vya LiFePO4-stventers bikomeza gutera imbere inyuma y’aho bateri ishitse ku bushobozi.

Ibikoresho vyo mu mazi na RV: Abarongozi b'amabateri y'ikoreshwa mu mateka ni bo baganza ivyo bikorwa ariko litiyumu - Icemezo kiriko kiragwira. Igihe usubiramwo amabateri ya litiyumu mu buryo bwagenewe kurongora -}, uburyo bwo gushaja butegerezwa gusubirwamwo. Inguvu z'umurongo - Ivyuma vy'ugucana (14.8V canke hejuru) bizokubitisha ivy'ubuhinga bwinshi. Gushiramwo litiyumu - Igikoresho co gucapura canke umuhinduzi birabuza ko ivyonona.

Ibikoresho vy'inganda n'ububiko: Forklifts n’ibindi bikoresho vy’inganda bigenda birushiriza gukoresha amabateri ya litiyumu - iyo nzira ku bushobozi bwavyo bwo gushaja bwihuta n’ubuzima burebure bw’ingendo. Ivyo bikoresho vy’ugushiraho inyungu ku bijanye n’ugucapura kw’amahirwe- Gushiramwo ibice mu gihe c’akaruhuko aho kwuzuza ijoro ryose. BMS itegerezwa gushigikira iyo nzira y’ikoreshwa ata kwirundanira ivyago bivuye mu nzinguzingu z’amahera zidatunganye canke ngo ikingire gutera cane mu gihe kirekire.

Ubushuhe - uburyo bwo gushaja bwongera ubuhinga bwo kwirinda. Amabateri ya Lithium- ntakwiye gushaja munsi ya degre 0 (32℃F) kuko ivyo bitera imbere litiyumu mbere no ku bikoresho bisanzwe. Uburyo bwa BMS bwa BMS burabuza gushaja munsi y’iyi nzira kandi burashobora gutuma utugingo ngengabuzima dushuha imbere y’uko twemerera uruja n’uruza rw’amazi.

Ivyiyumviro bibi bituma haba ingorane nyinshi cane naho amabateri arindwa. Gutahura uburyo bwo kunanirwa birafasha kumenya ibintu biteye akaga imbere y’uko ivyonona bibaho.

Amategeko agenga ivy’ubuhinga bwa none ni yo ashira urutonde rw’ingorane z’ivy’ugushaja. Ivyo bikoresho bikoresha ibikoresho bigenzura umuriro kugira ngo bigumeko umusaruro uhamye. Iyo ivyo bihimba bitashoboye -binini kuva ku myaka, uguhagarika umutima, canke ubushobozi bwo gukoresha amashanyarazi- umuriro w'euveput ushobora kuduga neza hejuru y'ibisobanuro. Igipande ca 4.2V coshobora gutanga 5V canke hejuru, kikaba gikomeye cane, kikaba gikomeye cane.

Ibibazo vy’amategeko biriho ubu bituma haba ibintu bigenda buhoro ariko bikongera. Ivyo bikoresho vyagenewe gutera imbere nk’uko amabateri ari uburyo bwo gukoresha amashanyarazi yuzuye rimwe na rimwe akananirwa mu buryo budahinduka bw’uburyo buhoraho bw’amashanyarazi, akabandanya gusunika a imbere n’aho ari ku bikoresho vy’umuriro vyinshi. Ivyo bituma umuntu agira inguvu nyinshi cane muri bateri, bigatuma ubushuhe n’inguvu bikomera.

Ivyicaro vy’ivy’uruvyaro canke vy’ibinyoma biratera ingorane zimwe zimwe. Ivyo bikoresho bishobora kuba bitagira imirongo y’amategeko akwiye, gukoresha ibice bitari vyo, canke bifise amakosa y’uguhingura. Igerageza ry’amashirahamwe y’umutekano w’abaguzi ubudasiba, riguma ribona ko ibikoresho vy’ugucagura bizimvye birengeye ubushobozi bwo gukoresha umuriro n’ubuhinga. Ivyo kuzigama amafaranga birazimangana iyo bisenye bateri canke bikazana ingorane z’umuriro.

Ivyuma bifatanya bishobora kwonona amabateri biciye ku nzira y’umuriro n’ibitari vyo. Ukoresheje igikoresho co gushiramwo telefone 5V ku gikoresho ca 3.7V, canke igikoresho co gucapura cakozwe ku mabati ashingiye ku nickel{3}} ishingiye ku ntungamubiri za litiyumu - iratuma haba ingorane. Imisi yose ugenzure ibikenewe n’ivyo bateri bisabwa.

Ivyo kwonona umubiri ku matonyanga, amazi canke ibibazo vy’imirongo birashobora guhindura ibiranga umuyagankuba. Intsinga zikozwe mu bubiko zituma habaho ukurwanya guhindura inyifato yo gushaja. Ivyonona amazi bishobora gutuma haba imirongo miremire iri muri chargeur, bikaba bituma habaho isohoka ritagenzuwe.

Imibare ivuye mu matohoza y’umutekano w’ibintu yerekana igikoresho gifitaniye isano na co - ivyabaye bitera nk’ibice 25% vy’ibintu bita litiyumu - ivy’amabateri ya litiyumu. Guhitamwo neza ivy’ugushaja, gusuzuma ibihe vyononekaye, no gusubirizwa n’ibikoresho vy’ugukura biragabanya cane ingorane zo gushaja.

Si amabateri yose ya litiyumu- yishura mu buryo busa n’uguca ibibatsi. Ivy’ubuhinga ni vyo bigena ingero z’ukwihanganirana n’uburyo bwo kunanirwa.

Oxide ya Lithium (LCO): Mu matelefone ngendanwa no mu ma laptops, LCO itanga inguvu nyinshi cane ariko ukwihanganira nabi cane. Ico gikoresho gica kidashikama cane hejuru ya 4.2V, kigasohora umwuka w’ikirere ukorana n’umuyagankuba. Bateri za LCO zisaba imipaka ikomeye y’umuriro n’uburinzi bukomeye bwa BMS. Kurenga mbere n’ibindi 0.1V birahuha cane.

Ifoto y'i Lithium (LiFePO4): Kubera ko LiFePO4 izwi ko ifise umutekano, irafata neza cane kuruta ibindi bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa shimi kubera ubuhinga buhamye. Igipande c’umuriro kiri hasi (3.65V ku ntungamubiri) kandi kikaba ari ikintu giteye igomwe, bikaba bituma ata n’umwe afise ubushobozi bwo gukora cane. Naho iyo umuntu ayirengeje, LiFePO4 iratanga ubushuhe n’agazi. Ariko rero, gusubiramwo birenze urugero biracariho bituma ubushobozi buhoraho butakaza kandi bugaca bugabanuka. Ukwo kwiyongera kw’imbere mu mutima kuva ku gushaja birenze urugero birarundanywa uko igihe kigenda kirarenga, amaherezo bikaba bituma utugingo ngengabuzima tutakoreshwa.

Igitabu c'i Lithium Nickel Indwara y'Ibara (NMC): Ikoreshwa cane mu modoka zikoresha umuyagankuba, NMC irahuza uburemere bw’inguvu n’ugushikama neza. Inguvu nyinshi cane zishika kuri 4.2V ku nzira. NMC yihangana n'agatima gatoyi kuruta LCO ariko mbi kuruta LiFePO4. Igipimo c’ukwifatanya na co mu gihe c’ugutwara amaguru menshi kiri hasi y’i LCO, kigatanga umwanya munini gatoyi kugira ngo uburyo bwo kwikingira bushobore kwishura imbere y’uko ubushuhe buhunga.

Oxide ya Lithium (LMO): Ibikoresho vy’amashanyarazi n’ibikoresho vy’ubuvuzi bikoresha LMO ku bipimo vyavyo vy’ugusohoka kw’amazi n’ugushikama kw’ubushuhe. Ivyo bitatu - imiterere y’imitsi y’umubiri bituma umuntu agenda yihuta ariko akagabanya ubuzima bw’ingendo mbere no mu bihe bisanzwe. Gutsinda amaguru n’amaguru birushiriza kwihutisha ubushobozi bwa {{3}== ubushobozi bwo kuzimangana, mu bisanzwe bugabanya ubuzima bw’ingirakamaro kuva ku 700 gushika kuri 300-400.

Igiti c'umubiri c'umubiri (NCA): Tesla n’izindi EVs z’agaciro zikoresha NCA ku bijanye n’uburemere budasanzwe bw’inguvu. Ariko rero, NCA iri mu bikoresho vy’ubuhinga bwa shimi vyinshi cane iyo birengeje urugero. Ivyo nickel vyinshi bituma iyo cathode ikora ku bikoresho vy’amashanyarazi vyinshi. Iryo kete risaba uburongozi bukomeye bw’ubushuhe n’ugucungera neza umuriro.

Ubushakashatsi bwa vuba ku bijanye n’uguca mu nzira y’ugucapura - aho rimwe na rimwe amabateri angana n’imipaka aho kwama - yerekana ivyago mu bibanza vyose vy’ubuhinga bwa shimi. Mbere n’ibintu bigufi cane bituma habaho amahinduka y’imiterere y’imikorosikopi: ugusaduka kw’ibice vy’ibihimba vy’umubiri, ugusenyura ivyuma vy’uguhinduka, n’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma. Ibice vyinshi bitera iyo ngaruka, bikaba bisigura igituma amabateri rimwe na rimwe asenyura cane kuruta uko akoresha uburyo bwo gukoresha gusa.

Overcharging

Ubushuhe buragira ico bukoze cane ku bijanye n’uko umuntu ashobora gushavura cane be n’uburemere bw’ingaruka. Ibidukikije n’ibishushe bituma haba ingorane zitandukanye.

Ubushuhe buke buraduga cane biciye ku bushobozi bwo guhangana n’ibintu vyinshi. Ku - 10 degre , ubushobozi bwo guhangana na bateri ya litiyumu-ion bushobora kuba kabiri canke butatu ugereranyije n’ubushuhe bwo mu cumba. Ukwo guhangana n’ibintu vyinshi bituma umuriro wiyongera cane mu gihe co gushaja kugira ngo ubone input imwe y’umuriro. Ivyuma bigenzura umuriro gusa bishobora gusobanura umuriro mwinshi nk’aho hafi y’aho, ariko ivyo vyerekana ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’umuriro aho gukomera. Gukomeza gushaja hanyuma bikagabanya cane bateri.

Igihe c’ubukonje na co nyene kiratera imbere litiyumu ku rugero rwo hasi kuruta uko bimeze. Mu bisanzwe ions litiyumu itegerezwa gushika ku anode no gushiramwo hagati y’ibice vy’ibara ry’agahama. Ubushuhe bukomeye buhoro buhoro iyo nzira y’ugufatanya. Ions zirundanya ku ruhande rwa anode aho, zikaba zihingura ivyuma. Ivyo bikoresho bishobora gutangura ku bikoresho biri munsi y’ivyo bibonwa ko ari vyinshi mu bushuhe bwo mu cumba.

Ivyigwa vyakozwe mu mwaka w’2024 vyasuzumye utugingo ngengabuzima twa LFP ku -10℃vyasanze gutera imbere cane gushika kuri 4.0-4.8V vyatumye habaho ugusenyuka kwihuta. Ubushobozi bwagabanutse 30-40% inyuma y’ingendo 50 gusa z’amahera, ugereranyije n’ibice 5-10% vy’ugutakaza ubushuhe bwo mu cumba. Igitigiri c’imiyaga y’uguturika (LEL) nayo nyene yaragabanutse, bisobanura ko gazi ikenewe kugira ngo iturike.

Ubushuhe bwinshi buratuma haba ingorane ihushanye - bigabanya umwanya hagati yo gutahura shermarge n’uguhunga kw’ubushuhe. Ubushuhe bwihutisha ibikorwa vyose vy’imiti muri bateri. Bateri irengeje urugero ku 40℃ishobora gushika ku nzigo z’ubushuhe mu minota mikeyi, mu gihe iyo nzira imwe nyene ku 20 degre 20 yoshobora gutwara iminota 30. Iryo dirisha ry’inyishu ryagabanutse rigabanya ubushobozi bw’uburyo bwo kurinda.

Ubushuhe bw’imbere bwongera ku bushuhe buva mu mutima buva mu gushaja, bigatuma haba uruzitiro rw’inyishu. Bateri iriko irashaja mu modoka ishushe (ubushuhe bw’imbere mu mutima) itangura ku bushuhe bwinshi. Gukuraho overchachach biratanga ubushuhe bw’inyongera. Ivyo bihurikiye hamwe bisunikira ubushuhe mu bice biteye akaga vyihuta kuruta ikintu conyene.

Ihinduka ry’igihe mu bihe vy’amabateri vyerekana ingaruka z’ubushuhe. Ibisata vy’umuriro biratanga raporo y’umuriro mwinshi litiyumu - umuriro w’amabateri mu mezi y’icuma, n’ubushuhe bwinshi n’ubushuhe bwinshi bwo mu karere bituma habaho imigwi iteye akaga. Na vyo nyene, urushana ruzana ibibazo vyinshi vy’ugusaba - nk’uko amabateri y’ubukonje agira ingorane zo kurwanya indwara zo mu mutima.

Ubushuhe bwo gushaja mu buryo bwa litiyumu - amabateri y'imbere agwa hagati ya 10-℃30 . Hanze y’iyi nzira, ibiharuro vy’amahera bikwiye kugabanuka kugira ngo bishobore gusubiza inyuma ingaruka z’ubushuhe. Uburyo bwa BMS butera imbere bushiramwo ubuhinga bwo gutanga ubushuhe buhindura ibipimo vyo gushaja bishingiye ku bushuhe bwa bateri, bikaba bibuza ubushuhe burengeje urugero.

Ijambo "gukuraho" rirenze amabateri mu bijanye n'ubutunzi n'amategeko, aho ridondora gushaja ibiciro birenze urugero canke kwongera ibirego vy'ubugizi bwa nabi bitagira ishingiro.

Mu bikorwa vy’ubudandaji, guharura birenze urugero bisigura gusaba ko umuntu yishurwa birenze - ibiciro canke ibiciro bibereye. Umukozi akora amasezerano y’amadolari 5.000 ku kazi yemeye ko amadolari 3.500 akora cane. Na vyo nyene, amaresitora yongerako ibintu ku mafaranga atategetswe canke kubaharura amafaranga yose adakwiriye. Ibitabu vy’ubutunzi birabisobanura cane cane nk’itandukaniro ry’igiciro hagati y’ibiciro vy’isoko ry’ibintu vy’agaciro n’ibiciro vy’uguhiganwa.

Amategeko y’uburinzi bw’abaguzi mu bihugu vyinshi aravuga ko ubudandaji burengeje urugero. Ubucuruzi bwasanze hariho ibihano vy’imbere mu maso, ibisabwa vyo gusubiza amahera, n’ibirego vy’ubugizi bwa nabi bishobora kuba vy’ubuhendanyi. Uburemere buvana n’intumbero y’intumbero- amakosa yo gutanga amafaranga aronka igihano gitoyi kuruta imigambi y’ugutegeka kugira ngo akure amahera arenga.

Mu bijanye n’amategeko, gucira urubanza birenze urugero biradondora gutanga ibirego bikomeye kuruta ivyo ibimenyamenya bishigikirwa. Abashingantahe boshobora gutegeka ubwicanyi bwa kabiri{1}} igihe ibimenyamenya vyerekana gusa ukwica, gushinga ikibanza gikomeye co gusezerana. Abavoka b’abadendezi baratandukanya hagati y’ugucapura birenze urugero (gushinyagurira ibirego bidatomoye) n’uguca bugufi (guca ku rugero rwo hejuru rudakwiriye). Naho inkiko zica intege iyo ngeso, ingingo ngenderwako zishobora kuba zituma gukuraho amadosiye y’amashami arengeje urugero bigorana.

Ivyo bikoresho bitari ivy'ubuhinga bwa none, birasangira insiguro rusangi n'insanganyamatsiko rusangi n'uguca ibice birenze urugero: birenze imipaka ibereye bituma haba ingorane. Nk’uko nyene amabateri yononekaye cane, ibirego birenze urugero mu vy’ubudandaji canke itegeko rituma haba ibintu bitari vyo bisaba ko umuntu agira ico akora.

Telefone yo muri iki gihe yubatse - uburinzi buhagarika gushaja ku 100%, bikaba bibuza gushaja birenze urugero. Ariko rero, kuguma amatelefone ashirwa mu nzira y’ugushaja bituma habaho imigenderanire y’ugushaja ituma haba ubushuhe n’ugushimika kuri bateri uko igihe kigenda kirarenga. Ubwo bushuhe buragabanya buhorobuhoro ubuzima bwa bateri. Gukuraho igihe ukoresha neza canke gukoresha ibikoresho vyo gushaja bituma bateri ikora neza.

Igitero c'i litiyumu - Utugingo ngengabuzima turengeye iyo umuriro urenze 4.2V ku nsoro. Ku bateri y’ibice 3, ivyo bisigura ko umuriro uri hejuru ya 12.6V werekana ko urengeje urugero. Bateri y’icuma y’ivyuma (LiFePO4) ifise imipaka iri hasi, mu bisanzwe 3.65V ku nsoro. Gusuzuma umuriro bisaba ko bateri iruhuka amasaha menshi kugira ngo ishobore gusoma neza, nk’uko umuriro w’umuriro mu gihe gito mu gihe co gushaja canke mu gukuraho.

Igihe co kunanirwa kivana n’uburemere bw’amakare n’ubuhinga bwa bateri. Guca ibibatsi birenze urugero bishobora gutuma ubushuhe buhunga mu minota canke amasaha. Ugushavura kw’umutima gutoya cane kwonona ubushobozi mu kiringo c’indwi canke mu mezi, aho bateri yerekana ubushobozi 20-30% inyuma y’ingendo 50-100 ugereranyije n’ibikorwa bisanzwe. Amabateri afise uburyo bwo kurinda ibikorwa akenshi ntananirwa cane ahubwo aratakaza ubushobozi buhorobuhoro.

Gukuraho cane ivyo bikoresho bituma haba ivyago vy’amabateri bihoraho bidashobora guhindurwa. Utugingo ngengabuzima twa cathode duca dusaduka, litiyumu iracari ku nzira y’amazi, kandi ukubora kw’umuyagankuba ntibishobora gusubirwamwo. Naho guhagarara cane mu gushavura cane bibuza kwonona kwongerewe, ubushobozi bwatakajwe mbere ntibushobora gusubirwamwo. Amabateri y’intango afise ubushobozi bwinshi cane yerekana ukuntu umuntu avyimba, akavuza, canke ubushobozi buri munsi ya 60% y’intango akwiye gusubirizwa aho kugerageza gusanasana.

Ubuzima n’umutekano bivana n’ingene umuntu ashobora gushaja. Gutahura uburyo bwo gucapura birenze urugero birafasha gukingira ivyononekaye nimba uriko urasaba telefone ngendanwa mw’ijoro rimwe canke uriko uracungera imodoka ikoresha umuyagankuba. Uburyo bwo gukingira bwarateye imbere cane, ivyo bikaba vyatumye habaho ukunanirwa kw’agahomerabunwa iyo ibikoresho bikora neza. Gusuzuma ubudasiba ibikoresho vyo gucapura n’amabateri, ingeso nziza zo kubika, no kwitwararika ubushuhe buratuma bateri ikora neza kuruta ubuzima bwabo.

Ugutera imbere kw’ubuhinga bwa shimi kurabandanya ku buryo butekanye. Solid-iri state ubu iriko iratera imbere ubu iriko iratera imbere mu gushaka ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’ibintu mu gusubirira ama electrolyte y’amazi ashobora kwaka n’ibikoresho bikomeye bikomeye. Gushika ubu buhinga bwo gukingira burakuze, uburyo bwo kurinda bufatanijwe n’imigenzo y’abakoresha butanga amakuru buratanga umutekano wizigirwa ku mamiliyaridi y’amamiliyaridi y’ama lithium - ni amabateri y’amamiliyaridi mu gukoresha ku musi.